Slides

Beca hire they apply N functions, the dyes were screened in vitro for antib displaceerial activity of everywhere 0,000 tested dyes no(prenominal) showed any antibiotic activity However, In vivo stu infracts with mice, that had been infected with a bacterial culture, showed that several(prenominal) dyes moveed gram-positive bacterial Intections. HDR. F. 2013 Prontosll Gerhard Domagk (Nobel Prize, 1939) was a interrogation scientist at l. c. Farbenlndustrle,a German producer of dyes and some other(a) chemics. He carried proscribed stu give offs that showed Prontosil to be an impressive antibacterial agent.When Domagks young woman developed a streptococcal transmission system (having cut her finger), and was in danger of having an work up amputated (or worse), she was the first patient of to receive rontosil and be recoerd by it (1935). Prontosil received wider mortify when it was use to restrain the lite ot Franklin D. Roosevelt, junior , son of the US president. HD R-F-2013 infected with a bacterial culture. ab stunned(prenominal) dyes were found to counteract gram-positive bacterial infections. NH2 o s Prontosil Later it was sight that, in victuals organisms, Prontosil is reborn to sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide was the unfeigned active compound.Sulfanilamide inhibits the price reduction of folic acid, which is an essential chemical compound for bacterial growth. Penicillin bacterial infections in 1941. By 1943, penicillin was organism shitd for the military and was first utilize for warfargon casualties in Sicily and Tunsia. CH3 Penicillins act by modifying an enzyme convoluted in the deduction ofa a bacteriums cadreular teleph cardinal wall. the synthesis of bacteriums carrell wall. Actively maturement bacteria die because they atomic number 18 atomic number 18 Actively festering bacteria die because they un sufficient to gain ground up a a functional kiosk wall. unable to produce functional jail carrel wall.Pe nicillins have no effect on mammalian cells because they argon non enwrap by cell walls. The first penicillin was maro hotshotd in in 1938 and The first penicillin was stranded 1938 and ound to cure bacterial infections in in mice. was found to cure bacterial infections mice. It It was apply successfully in ix typesetters eccentrics ofof clement use successfully in nine cases human Hormones Hormones ar chemical messengers organic fertiliser compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to posterior wanders in gear up to stimulate or inhibit some biochemical process. galore(postnominal) hormones atomic number 18 steroids.Re constituent entirely steroids contain a tetracyclic ring system. The almost abundant member of the steroid family in anlmals (ana numans) Is cnolestero of all other steroids. Steroids c t Is tne precursor Steroids be organic compounds that contain four cycloalkane rings, third cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring the y are Joined (fused) in a specialised way. The steroid perfume has 20 C atoms, 17 mannikin the four rings, add-on iii methyl groups. sack to HORMONES hinge on The kindle hormones are divided into three groups (1) the anthropoid waken hormones, or androgens (2) the distaff sex hormones, or estrogens (3) the pregnancy hormones, or progestins.All sex hormones are steroids. ster010s perTorm many Tunctlons n Function decree of standby knowledgeable characteristics Reproduction and watch of the reproductive motorbike Regulation of transfiguration Examples Estradiol (an estrogen) testosterone (an androgen) progesterone and the gestagens Digestion of fat jail cell membrane constituent Cholic acid saddle sore salts Cholesterol cortisol cortisone derivatives This is the bottomlandonical carbon build for all steroids. 10. 7 Testosterone, the asterisk male sex hormone, is obligated for male unessential sex characteristics.Synthetic testosterone analogs (anabolic steroi ds) are used in medicine to bring forward muscle and tissue growth, e. g. , patients with muscular atrophy. anabolic steroids are used illegally, most usually by automobile t fit ink builders and athletes. The health risks are numerous, including liver buttcer, coronary thrombosis neart Olsease, ana s er Estradiol is the principal female sex hormone. It is responsible for the discipline of the female secondary sex characteristics and voiceicipates in the view of the catamenial cycle.Progesterone is an example of a progestin it prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Synthetic analogs of progesterone and estradiol are the active agents in the birth control pill, allowing for control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. An estimated 50 to 60 zillion women worldwide use the pill as the primary recoil of ontraception. Drug commit RU-486, The Abortion oral contraceptive RI-J-486 acts as an opponent a medicate that fits into a sense organ site, save does non have the familiar effect as does another medicine in this case the other medicate is progesterone.Cortisone Cortisone, used extensively in the word of rheumatoid inflammations, is one of the adrenocortical hormones produced in the verbotener part of the adrenal gland. These hormones infix in adjust the electrolyte and water commensurateness in the body, as well as in protein and sugar metabolism. Ethics of amethopterin is a prescription medicate dose used in the reatment of pap cancer. It can be used to jampack the action of folic acid, which is ask for normal cell Olvlslon ana growtn 0T an emoryo.LIKe RI-J-486, it can be used to pee-pee abortion in the weeks of pregnancy. Once a dose is sanction by the FDA, a physician can prescribe it for purposes not originally intend by the medicate manufacturer. Medicines Prescription, Generic, and the introduce medicate, entirely cannot Prescription, is chemically same to over-the-counter(a) be A generic w ine wine wine dose Generic, and Over-the-counter marketed until the procure protective cover on the innovate drug has influence out after(prenominal)ward 20 ears.A generic drug is chemically combining weight to the groundbreaker drug, but cannot be A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the introduce drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent tax shelter on the pioneer drug has run The displace priced drug protection on the pioneer its generic name,out after 20 marketed until the patent normally marketed low drug has run out in this20 after case alprazolam sort of of Xanax. The turn away priced drug usually marketed under its generic name, in this The dismantle priced druginstead of Xanax. case alprazolam normally marketed under its generic name, in thisPrescription, Generic, and Over-the-counter A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years. 10. 10 The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this case alprazolam instead of Xanax. 10. 1 Heroal Remeales 10. 11 joint fir Ephedra used safely for thousands of years as herbal therapeutic known as Ma Huang. In 2003, several deaths associate to the ingredients led the FDA (in 2004) to banishment ephedra products. At this time, there are ongoing discussions to make the product useable again.The herb contains the amphetamine-like alkaloids ephedrine and the less(prenominal) active pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrene is used as a decongestant Ephedrine is a bronchodilator (opens the airways), and a stimulant Drugs of scream Ephreda was responsible for the deaths of over 80 people. An ephreda manufacturer challenged the FDA ban in court, claiming that the FDA had failed to prove that ephreda was not safe at low doses. In 2006, the US appeal of Appeals for the Tenth locomote upheld the FDAs ban on ephreda. Heroin Morphin diacetylmorphin, alkaloid in opium chem ically change high the maltreat natural drugTetrahydrocannabinol ganja A9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal hallucinogenic component of the hempen necktie plant (marijuana), the most commonly step illicit drug in the US effect let in euphoria and anxiety. checkup uses are being discussed legal in some states the national Government is opposed. atomic number 53 way to life at drugs is to bar them by their checkup usefulness and their electric potential of abuse. Drugs of abuse can as well be classified by their tendency to clue to physical dependance (addiction) vs. the physical disparage they inflict on the user. many a(prenominal) addictive drugs are also highly perverting to uman health.OxyconBn OxyContin contains oxycodone Oxycodone has been used safely for many years. only if this formulation includes a time-released mechanism for long-lasting treatment of continuing pain. Drug abusers quick determined how to get out around the time-release and wer e able to rapidly direct large amounts of oxycodone. The effects were said to be similar to heroin. Over-prescribed in the Appalachian areas in late nineties and early 2000s. Many became addicted. An Amino acidulated serotonin tryptophane is converted to serotonin, an antidepressant, which is converted to melotonin, inducing drowsiness