Emily Bradstreets Poem The Author to Her Book :: Emily Bradstreet Author Her Book Poetry Essays

Emily Bradstreets Poem The Author to Her BookThe Author to Her Book, by Emily Bradstreet is a poem in which Bradstreet is laments about the publishing of her writings without her permission. The purpose of the piece is for Bradstreet to express the love, surcharge and remorse she feels toward her new book and is displayed elegantly through the illustration of a mother and child. Lines eleven and twelve contribute to the poems purpose they show that Bradstreet is unsatisfied with her work, and desires to fix it. Unfortunately, the book has already been published, and it is too latterly for her child to attain perfection in its mothers eyes. The first part of line eleven illustrates the pride Bradstreet takes in her work. Yet being exploit own is Bradstreets way of taking ownership of her work, regardless of how misshapen it may seem. Through this line, Bradstreet is saying that because the book is hers, she is the only one with the right and powerfulness to fix it. Th is is much like when a child gets hurt only a mothers kiss can make a flub feel better. There may even be a hint of Bradstreets book being like the child whose face only a mother can love. While Bradstreet takes ownership of her book at the beginning of line eleven, by the end of that line, and the beginning of twelve, she is criticizing her work, saying that at length union would thy blemishes amend... Through this, Bradstreet makes a connection to the beginning of the line, as only her love, care and attention can make the piece beautiful. If she gives enough attention to her child and corrects it enough, perhaps the book would not be such a shame to her. Perhaps it wouldnt be so ugly. By the end of the twelfth line, Bradstreet has taken pride in her work, and has also criticized it. The last bit of line twelve is where the author shows her remorse. If so I could is the authors way of lamenting her inability to set up the parts of her ill-formed offspring. B radstreet is saying that her child has already been branded, and there is nothing more she can do to make it perfect.

Bill Cosby :: essays research papers

Bill Cosby was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 12, 1937. He was the oldest of four boys. He had three brothers, and their names were James, Russell, and Robert. His father ran away near Christmas date when he was very young and he had to get a job to help support the family. In teach he was the class clown and was direct to a special school for rowdy boys. In his new school his teacher was Mary Forchic. She saw that he was a great comedian and she ordinate that into her lessons to make them more understandable for Bill. She made the lessons fun for him and made it easier to learn. He said that she made him what he is today. After a couple years he went back to his old school and even though his grades were dropping he still kept it together. Bill was starting to look up to comedians on the intercommunicate and the TV. They were comedians like Sam Levenson, Sid Caesar, and Carl Reiner. Even though his grades were poor in junior naughty, when he took the standardized tests he was accepted to Central High School, which was a school for all the gifted children in Pennsylvania. Now being six feet, he was on the high school football team. But in the first workweek of football he broke his arm. Since there were few blacks in the school and he was slightly a target of biggotous remarks he went back to getting economic aid by clowning around in class again. He was later sent to Germantown Highschool where all his neighborhood friends went. He was back with his friends alone his grades started to drop. He was left back twice. He was also too old to participate in the city track meets (which he could easily win). Bill dropped out of high school. He went to be a shoemaker=s helper, but the shoemaker didn=t like it when he nailed the ladies heels onto the mens shoesThen Bill decided to join the Navy. There he found discipline and no room to joke around. He spent four long years in the Navy but he says that it made him more mature and able to control hi mself better. He was trained as a physical therapist. Helping men who lost their legs and arms, he finally realized how lucky he was. While in the Navy

I Want to Give You My Heart and Soul :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear J atomic number 18d,I was going to bed and wanted to write you a miserable letter. Thank you so much for having faith in me and in us as a couple. Thank you for making me a better person and for orifice up and giving your heart to me.Over the last eight months, I never expected to feel this way nor actually be with you in this way, experiencing lifes wonders with you. You are wonderful to me, my friends, and my family. You make me the happiest I have ever been and even though we are apart a lot of the time, I still love the same. The purport that I get when I am with you is overwhelming. Every time that I get a chance to discipline you for the first time in awhile and as time goes by, my feelings for you more intense.I was thinking about that earlier tonight, when I am going to see you at the airport. I am getting butterflies in my stomach at the thought of seeing you again. You make everything in my life complete and I cant imagine creation with anyone else but you. Im a nxious to see you again Jared. Time is ticking, and its going by too slow.It takes a strong man to accomplish everything that you have in your life and I am royal of you. You have stuck to your goals and have improved your life so much from what it was before and I am so happy that you respect my beliefs as much as I respect yours. You say that you are going to make me a happy woman ... well, you have already done that, just by being you and showing me love and being so open with your feelings. You are what I have always dreamed of when I was a little girl. You are a man with integrity, honesty, love, affection, good looks, and a charming personality. I never thought I would find you, but here you are.

An Application of Relational Dialectics Essay -- When Harry Met Sally

An Application of Relational DialecticsLeslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery are interested in the communication that occurs in close relationships. I am going to focus on the three relational dialects which consist of connectedness-separateness, certainty-uncertainty, and openness-closedness. These three dialects are central to Baxters and Montgomerys scheme but they want to go more indepth than previous theorists have on these specific dialects. I will discuss this theory in the context of When harry Met Sally.Connectedness-SeparatenessBilly Crystal plays Harry, a man who believes that women and men can not be friends. Men always have sex on their minds so it interferes with the incur to be plutonic friends with women. He shows a separateness from women because he doesnt want to get to close to Meg Ryan who plays Sally, a woman who believes the exact opposite. Their relationship starts knocked out(p) with contraditions and continues throughout the movie.As years pass, they meet up with one another again and continue their argument over the relationship between men ...

The Road Not Taken Essay -- Poetry Robert Frost essays research papers

In analyzing the poem The Road Not Taken by Robert freezing, it represents the fair choice of a moment and a lifetime.(pg 129) He relies much on the reflections of nature to convey his theme. However, this poem seems to be in essence very guileless but opens the door for m some(prenominal) interpretations.In using a simple fork in a road, Frost writes much to symbolize life and choices in which maven will farm. Frost uses unique ability to see an ordinary, everyday activity to portray such a theme. By using such simple endeavors, Frost reaches his audience on a more personal level. However, it is only ones past, present and the attitude with which he or she looks upon the future that determines the shade of light in which the poem will be seen. (pg 621)There is never a straight path for one to follow on lifes journey. By using two paths in which to make from, Frost leaves one to realize that everyone must travel and will reach a point of decision. With stating And sorry I coul d not travel both, Frost shows the point in which one will choose because there is only one path in which one may travel. It is most difficult to make a decision on each appealing path because everyone will always seem to question what could I or could I not turn tail out on? The fact he is sorry he is sorry he cannot travel, or choose, both paves the way for regret. This will often be reflected upon by an individual in which saying what could have beenleads one to dwelling over the choice of road in which they did not take. In knowing that each one may be influenced in many directions, Frost clearly implies And be one traveler, long I stood. No matter how each of us may be influenced by family or various sources, there is only one traveler that will be affected by any decision and there is quite a lengthy thought process involved. Regardless of any outside influence there is only one to be involved and truly affected, as does any choice in life.In somewhat of an attempt to make a decision each person wants to carefully examine the unknown. In using behavior of a checks and balances a person would weigh out the risk factor to be involved. Frost uses the line, And looked down one as far as I could to portray an involved examination. The strain used in as far as I could symbolizes somewhat of a unknown content of where the path may lead. No matter what one knows... ...o sharply limited.(pg 496) One would have to agree with his point, because everyone has had to make difficult unalterable decisions of which the outcome could not be foreseen. The narrator must choose between two fair roads, of which he cannot see the endpoints. Wandering between the two, he finally decides to take the road less traveled by. Yet, like most people, he later sighs with regret thinking of what he might have missed on the unexplored road.Above all, The Road Not Taken can truly be interpreted through much symbolism as a clear-sighted representation of two fair choices. The two roa ds in the poem, although, diverging, lead in opposite directions. At the beginning they appear to be somewhat similar, but is apparent that miles away they will grow farther and farther away from each other. quasi(prenominal) to many choices faced in life. It is impossible to foresee the consequences of most major decisions we make and it is often necessary to make these decisions based on a petite more than examining which choice wanted wear. In the end, we look back upon the choices we have made and like the narrator sigh, observing that they have made all the difference.

The Road Not Taken Essay -- Poetry Robert Frost essays research papers

In analyzing the poem The Road Not Taken by Robert frosting, it represents the classic quality of a moment and a lifetime.(pg 129) He relies much on the reflections of nature to convey his theme. However, this poem seems to be in essence very simple but opens the accession for many interpretations.In using a simple fork in a road, Frost writes much to symbolize life and choices in which whizz forget make. Frost uses unique ability to see an ordinary, everyday activity to portray such a theme. By using such simple endeavors, Frost reaches his audience on a more personal level. However, it is only ones past, present and the attitude with which he or she looks upon the future that determines the shade of light in which the poem leave behind be seen. (pg 621)There is never a straight path for one to follow on lifes journey. By using dickens paths in which to choose from, Frost leaves one to realize that everyone must travel and will reach a point of decisiveness. With stating An d sorry I could not travel both, Frost shows the point in which one will choose because there is only one path in which one may travel. It is most difficult to make a decision on each appealing path because everyone will always seem to question what could I or could I not miss out on? The fact he is sorry he is sorry he cannot travel, or choose, both paves the way for regret. This will often be reflected upon by an individual in which saying what could have beenleads one to dwelling over the choice of road in which they did not take. In knowing that each one may be influenced in many directions, Frost clearly implies And be one traveler, long I stood. No matter how each of us may be influenced by family or various sources, there is only one traveler that will be affected by any decision and there is quite a lengthy aspect process heterogeneous. Regardless of any outside influence there is only one to be involved and truly affected, as does any choice in life.In somewhat of an att empt to make a decision each person wants to carefully examine the unknown. In using sort of a checks and balances a person would weigh out the risk factor to be involved. Frost uses the line, And looked down one as far as I could to portray an involved examination. The strain used in as far as I could symbolizes somewhat of a unknown content of where the path may lead. No matter what one knows... ...o sharply limited.(pg 496) One would have to agree with his point, because everyone has had to make difficult unalterable decisions of which the outcome could not be foreseen. The narrator must choose between two fair roads, of which he cannot see the endpoints. Wandering between the two, he finally decides to take the road less traveled by. Yet, like most people, he later sighs with regret sentiment of what he might have missed on the unexplored road.Above all, The Road Not Taken can truly be interpreted through much symbolism as a clear-sighted representation of two fair choices. Th e two roads in the poem, although, diverging, lead in different directions. At the beginning they appear to be somewhat similar, but is apparent that miles away they will grow farther and farther away from each other. Similar to many choices confront in life. It is impossible to foresee the consequences of most major decisions we make and it is often necessary to make these decisions based on a little more than examining which choice wanted wear. In the end, we look back upon the choices we have made and like the narrator sigh, observing that they have made all the difference.

Being a High School Student Essay

A belief that I oblige come to fancy subsequently starting steep school is that private schools fall short of the most important benefits that universal schools restrain to offer. I have learned this through my get personal experience of going to a catholic grammar school for nine years, and then transitioning to the public high school that I currently attend. Of course, the main employment of going to school is to gain a good education that will help you be successful in the future. This belief I do hold true both private and public schools grant this opportunity.see moreresearch ab forbidden tardinessBut public schools and private schools each grant an exclusively different mixer experience, and the social experience, in my opinion, is much more valuable than the academic experience. Along with gaining an education, part of being successful in life is reading how to interact and form relationships with deal who are different from you. In grammar school, the majority of t he people I met were white, Catholic, and of the same learning ability. Every day at school, students were pass judgment to wear uniform clothes, uniform hair styles, and learn at a uniform pace.There were no accommodations for people with slower learning paces everyone was expected to hap up. Growing up, this is how I expected all schools were like. For nine years I was almost blinded to the fact that people of different religion and learning pace, level physical appearance, even existed in the real world. But the fact is there are more types of people than Catholics and quick learners. For this reason, I decided to branch out and try something new by attending a public high school. My freshman year of high school was an amazing eye-opener for me.I met a greater variety of people in a single classroom at high school than I did in my entire grammar school career. I have met people with long hair, short hair, black hair, and purple hair. I have met people with different religions, and others with no religion at all. I have met people who are two years ahead of everyone else, and others who are two years behind. There are jocks, musicians, bookworms, and others with interests outside the school, but no one is judged for that people cigarette be whoever they want to be.I admit, all this freedom of expression was overwhelming to me, but at the same time, it was refreshing. Meeting so many different students, and too teachers, with so many different interests made me that much more interested in meeting more people. This experience made me realize how valuable the social aspect of a public high school really is. In the future, when I go to college and begin my career, I will be meeting and working(a) with people who have different backgrounds than my own. For this reason, I will never regret the decision I have made in attending a public high school.I have heard adults tell me that high school is going to be the best four years of my life. So far, they are ri ght. I am so grateful for the opportunity to experience a public high school. I cherish every experience and relationship that I have made in my first three years of high school so far. Of course, as I move on with my life, I will place the education that high school has granted me. But it is the relationships that I have made with students and teachers that I will take with me as I graduate high school and move on to college.

Lab Report: Proving that energy is conserved within a system

This Is defined by Hookers Law shown below. F ? -xx The law of conservation of heftiness is that postal code dropnot be created or destroyed, it can sole(prenominal) be changed from one form to another. This means that the total amount of energy in an isolated system is everlasting over time. This means that the only thing that can happen to energy in a closed system is that it can change from one form to another. In this experiment energy changes from elastic potence energy to kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy. Some energy is also lost due to friction which creates agitate and audio recording during the experiment.Initial = Final Eek + Pep gravitational I + Pep rise + E thermal I = Kef+ Pep gravitational f + Pep bring f + E thermal f + Neon- conservative This equation clearly shows the energy transfer during the experiment Including the energy lost In non-conservative forms much(prenominal) as heat and sound. Basic energy formulae were also used In this exper iment In order to calculate energy as it changes form. Eek- move Pep gravitational MGM real important as it is used a wide variety of physical applications. It is especially relevant and applicable in situations which there is little to no friction, such as in astrophysics.Energy and applied forces can be calculated in order to accurately determine grades seen in the equations above. Method The equipment was set up as indicated in figurer . The track was placed at such a gradient where the drop back would not reach the top of the track or come to close to the censor after pushed by the compressed spring. It should also be noted that the gradient of the heel over remained constant throughout both experiments. The readings were zeroed and info was therefore collected by the censors and graphed on the program Logger Pro.Figure 1 Experimental setup For the rootage experiment, the cart was released from different heights on the kurrat ND measurements of the force and condensatio n of the spring were taken in order to be able to calculate the spring constant. For the second experiment the spring on the cart was compressed and the cart is placed then released using a hard object such as a ruler. The spring then pushed the cart up the track and the censors took the reading of the force, displacement, upper and acceleration needed in order to calculate the energy as it changed form in the system.Results Measurements for finding the spring constant of the spring x = displacement of spring from equilibrium position. F = force applied by the spring on the cart. K = the spring constant of the spring. Table 1 Measured displacement of the spring and force applied by the spring and the calculated spring constant results. The uncertainties for the displacement and the force were elect because of the accuracy of the censors and the ruler respectively. The uncertainty of the spring constant was calculated by halving the range of the results.Measurements for finding the total energy during the second experiment Value emblem Result Initial Compression of Spring 0. 033 0. 001 m SF 0. 0180. 001 m Velocity as cart leaves spring I 0. 750. 05 runs-l Velocity Just earlier collision if 0. 69 0. 05 runs-l Max distance traveled Adam 0. 661 0. 005 m Position at ergodic point DRP 0. 1980. 005 m Velocity at random point Table 2 Velocity and distance measurements taken by the censors in order to prove conservation of energy. The uncertainties for the each of the results were chosen because of the accuracy of the censors respectively.Analysis conclusion the spring constant of the spring To find the spring constant we use Hookers Law (F = -xx). The negative sign shows that the spring is being compressed and can be ignored in this case. For the first value x = 0. 0100. 001 m and 5. 7 0. 3 = 570 ram-I This process was then repeated for each data value and then the average of the results was found to be 598 Nm-l. The uncertainty for the spring constant was c alculated by halving the range of the values which was found to be 28. 5 Nm-l . This gives the final value for the spring constant of the spring to be 598 28. 5 Nm-l .Conservation of Energy Graph 1, 2,3 These graphs shows the carts velocity and position and well as the force exerted in the spring by the cart as it moves up and down the slanted track. Using he results found in Table 2, the elastic potential energy, gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy can be calculated at six points during the experiment. These points are before the spring is released, Just after the cart loses contact, at the during the first collision, and at some point between the release and collision points above. Before the spring is released all the energy is stored as elastic potential energy in the spring.This can be easily calculated using the spring constant and the displacement of the spring. K = experimentally measured spring constant = 598 Nm-l . = initial compression of the spring = 0. 3 3 m Just after the cart loses contact with the spring, we can assume that all of the elastic potential energy has been converted into strictly kinetic energy. Kinetic energy can be calculated using the mass and velocity of the cart. M = mass of cart = 0. 521 keg v = velocity as cart leaves spring = 0. 75 ms-l At the top of the slope the cart has stopped as the energy has been converted into purely gravitational potential energy.This can be calculated using the mass and height of the cart as well as gravity. G = acceleration due to gravity = 9. 81 ms-2 = maximum height = 0. 036 m The maximum height of the cart was found by first calculating the cant of the slop using trigonometry. = 3. 130 This angle was then used with the maximum distance traveled value to calculate the maximum height. Just before the spring hits the bottom once more the energy is again kinetic. This can again be calculated using the mass and velocity of the cart. At a chosen point part way up the slope the total energy will be the kinetic energy at that point plus the potential energy at the point.

Examine critically the GLA proposal to introduce congestion charging

Traffic over-crowding has been a major problem for umteen of the cities in the UK and straightawayhere more than in the central of the largest UK city and capital London. It is known that 50% of drivers time going though central London is worn-out(a) in queues and at peak times and that times of high amounts of traffic average speeds of vehicles be under 10 miles per hour (Transport for London, 2001, Congestion Charging Introduction). It has been a list issue for the transport authorities for some time and m each efforts have been aimed at levelling this problem.The GLA (Greater London Authority), and in particular the Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, has now mulish to confront this problem head on and has issued a congestion charging scheme for central London. The charge is set to come into place on the 17th February 2003. The congestion charging scheme is intended to reduce the amount of motorists taking unnecessary trips through the centre if London, and to make them thi nk of using public transport where possible. there depart be a charge of i5 for drivers who still wish to go through central London.The charge provide occur on weekdays between the hours of 7am and 6. 30pm, there go forth be no charge on weekends and public holidays, the fee of i5 will be at a flat daily rate with no find on the number of times motorists go through the charging regularise. The fee can either be paid on the day or in advance, with passes to the regularize available on a weekly, monthly and yearly basis (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging How the scheme will work? ) Not everyone has to pay the charge there are a number of discounts and relinquishions as part of the scheme.Residents who live inwardly the charging zone will receive a 90% discount providing they can give fascinate verification that they do in fact own the vehicle, they will then be subject to a i10 administration charge to register with the TfL. Disabled mark holder will receive a 100% discount b ut they will have to register and pay the i10 fee. Others receiving a 100% discount are certain NHS vehicles and firefighters operational vehicles. There are also a number of exemptions from the charge, which do not have to register with TfL either. These are motorbikes, Black cabs and mini-cabs.Also exempt from the charge are Emergency Service vehicles, NHS vehicles exempt from vehicle excise duties, buses and coaches. There are a number of other types of vehicles that are exempt or receive a 100% discount for the charge (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging Who will pay? ). Theyre will be a fine for the registered keeper of any vehicle which has been caught in the charging zone without having paid the charge will be penalised by the amount of i80, this will go down to i40 for payment within the week, or it will rise to i120 if the fine is not paid on time.However, motorists will be able to pay the charge at the normal rate of i5 before 10pm on the day and at a rate of i10 from 10pm till midnight (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging Penalties). The scheme will be enforced by a number of powerful and exceedingly technological cameras which will be situated a in and around the congestion charging zone. There is an initial set up budget of i200 million, and i100 million outlay of traffic management measures. The scheme is set to raise around i130 million a year, which is by law, should all be spent on transport improvements within Greater London.After rounds of public consultation over a ten-week period starting in July 2001, the London Mayor has decided to go ahead with the proposed scheme, and without any glitches should go ahead on the 17th February 2003 (TfL, 2001,Congestion Charging Fact Sheets Basic proposals of the central London scheme). The scheme itself has many benefits along with drawbacks to road users, residents, businesses motorists and the environment. All of these will be affected and care and consideration should be taken when considering the significan ce of the charge on the various groups.The largest and foremost benefit of the scheme would be the cut down amounts of congestion in the key zone, i. e. Central London. Even though there are many motorists who consider their trips through central London vital, there will be a number of motorists who will avoid the zone during the charging hours, because they do not need to make that trip. The estimated level of reduction in vehicles passing inside the zone would be 10-15%, with a 20-30% reduction in the in the levels of congestion.This would then aid in the speeding up of traffic, which is estimated to growth by 10-15% (TfL, 2001, congestion charging- benefits). The levels of traffic now cause negative externalities, where Marginal Social Costs (MSC), public equals, is greater than Marginal Private Costs (MPC), cost to the individual. The motorists only take into account the cost of petrol and time taken for the trip, MPC. This does not take in to account the levels of pollution, noise and other peoples time that their vehicle is effecting, MSC.With the charge leading to the above levels of reduced traffic the sizing of the externality is reduced as the individual driver is bearing more of the cost. The charge that the Tfl have brought in is in relation to the size of the externality caused by the driver therefore getting closer to the social optimum in road use and traffic congestion. Traffic congestion in London being at its worst ever is also costing industry in and around greater London millions of pounds every year. In a study Alan Griffiths & Stuart Wall (2001), estimate that if traffic were reduced then Londons economy would be better off by i1m a day.This would be a major boost for a city that at the moment looks unattractive and is sometimes over looked in favour of other cities because of the traffic congestion and the additional costs to business because of it. The scheme would also improve business efficiency and reduce the time employees and de liverers spend on the roads, and would spend less on fuel ingestion (Greens on the GLA, 2001). The TfL expect the scheme to raise around i130 million a year, with a ten year investment plan to plough it all in to transport improvements.This would no doubt improve public transport, namely buses and the underground, in many areas with improved and new routes planned and an increase in the number of buses and trains. There are investments planned in all areas in public transport, including implementing more safety regulations (TfL, 2001, Congestion Charging Public Transport Improvements). This all has to occur fairly swiftly as the demand for the use of public transport will be stretched. The congestion charging scheme also has many consequences to it.With the reduction in congestion in the charging zone, there will be an obvious increase in traffic around the surrounding areas of the zone. The TfL are expecting there to be a 5% increase in traffic levels on orbital routes. This would raise the externalities, and the difference between MPC and MPC will increase. There is also an issue of this being like just another(prenominal) tax and being regressive in its cause, therefore benefiting the rich and adversely affecting the poor. The rich will be able to pay the tax with no qualms, and will actually benefit from paying it as the people less able to pay the tax will be forced, not to drive in the zone.

Gave willingly to the company Essay

In my own personal experience I found that in Ikea in that respect were many divorcees and single people. There were also an unusually high number of couples that had met through Ikea and then serveed together in the same building. Some of the divorcees openly unsaved their relationship break-up on the fact that they work for Ikea their partners simply did not understand the commitment, in terms of time, that they gave willingly to the company.My own relationship with my partner started to suffer preferably soon after the initial 3-month period, I had bonded with my new colleagues and I was enthusiastic and committed to this new way of working my attitude to work and my commitment had changed in favour of Ikea (Festinger, 1957).As a manager it was encouraged that examples should be set by giving that little bit extra to help co-workers across the store, so for example if the tills were busy at the end of the evening it was an unspoken rule that all managers should stay until clos ing time to help clear the backlog of customers, this sometimes meant leaving the store an hour and a half after the official end of the day.I found it difficult to go over against the norm as everyone else appeared to perish it for granted, I expected to leave at my normal time of 6.00pm but found it impossible to do so when my colleagues were staying behind and helping out. Solomon Asch describes this type of behavior as yielding (Gross, 1996 Ch 20) conforming to group pressure. Festinger talks about the five conditions for increased fervour in a belief following the disconfirmation of a belief, this is same to an example when a close friend of mine at Ikea (store manager) had been working hard and consequently there had been some irrevocable conflict within his married couple about the job and the expectations of Ikea.After his initial split with his wife he dealt with her condemnation of Ikea by spreading the word of Ikea with increased enthusiasm and renewed passion, he saw the Ikea family as his support network and this reliance on the company and Ikea family members simply reinforced the belief in his decision (Festinger, 1959) of ending his marriage. On a similar personal level my job and my alliance to it became an increasing problem at home. My behaviour changed at home, I made excuses about going into work early and staying late.In the initial few months I found myself defending Ikea as I felt so close to my new colleagues and didnt want to let them down, however as time went on I realised that I missed the quality time with my partner and I saw that my priorities had become affected by my commitment to work. At work I saw friends splitting up with their partners because of similar reasons and then justifying their action by criticising their relationship. This type of proof for their behaviour resembles what Festinger wrote about in When Prophecy Fails.Where dissonance is rationalised through the support of your fellow believers (in this ca se fellow co-workers). After 12 months I sustained an damage that lead to a back operation and this period away from work (3 months) gave me time to reflect on my time there and started to see how I had been influenced by the Ikea way and how I had conformed to this way incredibly fast. Conformity involves a change of behaviour or opinion in order to fit in with a group. According to Crutchfield Conformity is a yielding to group pressure when there is no direct communicate to comply with the group. (Gross, 1996 479). However according to Zimbardo & Leippe Conformity is a change in belief or behaviour in response to real or imagined group pressure where there is no direct request to comply with the group norm. (Gross, 1996479). Majority influence is when a larger group influences a smaller group or individual. Although Asch was generally concerned with how one stop resist majority influence and pressure, his experiments are generally deemed to exhibit the power of majority influ ence.Similar to the influence of the majority found in Ikea. Needless to swear upon my return I decided to leave Ikea and 3 months later I moved to another job with a different company. In the first few weeks I felt a great sense of great loss almost a grief my regrets were therefore twofold, I felt a regret of leaving the fold of Ikea and also a regret that conflicted with this and that was of not realising sooner my behavioural and attitude changes that had affected my personal life.In summing up this paper we have looked at Ikea and how its culture was aligned to sociological groups. We have covered the way of working within this organisation and how this relates to conformity and group influence again drawing parallels to similar sociological findings. It has been interesting journey to relate this instance where my own personal experience has been influenced by the belonging of a group, especially a group with such strong cultural roots as Ikea.The analogies found in this pap er make it more understandable as to how social influences potbelly have such wide-ranging affects on individuals. And how many situations (from the impact of TV on the masses through to major historical events such as the hold up of Nazism) can arise. It certainly makes the self and our interaction with others food for thought.References(Festinger, 1957) Gross, 1996 448 cognitive dissonance theory. Gross, R. (1999). The Science of Mind and Behavior. (3rd Ed). Hodder & Stoughton. Press) (Festinger, 1959)

Dream Analysis Essay

whoremaster customer may change/remove his/her name here has a military background and has spent his childhood in a boarding school. Over whole, his childhood was happy and content and his favorite toys to play were trucks which he some snips even wanted to build out of divagate wooden logs and old tires. For the past couple of days John has been having a few re trustworthy dreams.In the following discourse of dream depth psychology and analysis on the basis of psychoanalytic personality theory, it will be examined how the fascinating world of the unconscious portrays to the conscious world a glimpse of that infinite creative activity that resides indoors each and every one of us. Every night John dreams that he is organism chased by a compute in a hooded cloak and long hair that suddenly fades into a door which he cannot open.Bizarre as it may seem, John walks into the door and there is darkness everyplace but as soon as there is enough light for him to see, he realizes that he is walking on water and there are ships on the whole around him. Without furtherance, the dream ends and John wakes up confused and worried. John can neither comprehend the worry he has nor can he understand the unrivaled turn of events in his dream. It is often said that each human being is a tiny universe within himself or herself.Each person has within him/her a great constellation of ideas, feelings, emotions, wants, needs and many other such aspects which make the person unique and individual and thus even a unmarried boldness study can prove to be a study of a lifetime. The dream is a little hidden door in the innermost and most secret recesses of the soul, opening into that cosmic night which was psyche long before there was any self-importance-consciousness, and which will remain psyche no case how far our ego-consciousness extends. These words belonged to this very noted and lauded psychoanalyst, Carl Gustav Jung, a proponent of Analytical Psychology and the inven tor of the famous terms of today such as incarnate unconscious, archetypes and persona. In the therapy, Jungs methodology of treatment worked on the profound principles of word associations, bare associations, dream analysis, transference and counter-transference. Dreams remained, however, one of the most momentous works of Jung since there had been little work done on it since Freud.Jungs therapeutic techniques and analysis of dreams provide a much more culturally plentiful and avid interpretations that cover a great breadth of subjects and ideas. Whereas Freud would interpret dreams as a royal road to the unconscious that mostly leads to knowledgeable discussions of a male-dominated structure, Jungs discussion would profit the reader more in terms of how rich his theory is with motifs from all across the world. He had the cultural and cognitive openness to collect ideas and patterns from cultures which belonged to distant lands as well as to designs which were close to his o wn religion, nation and race.His theory of personality speaks of not simplistic desires of sex and aggression rather it takes a comprehensive look at the various types of personality in terms of their functions. According to Jungs theory, personalities are categorized in both extroverted and point toward subjective experiences (Miller 2004). Dreams are not looked up by a codebook, dictionary or even an almanac. You cannot agree a standard glossary of dreams (Coolidge, 2006) which can only if pinpoint to you the exact source and destination of your dream.Even the most simplest of psychoanalysis would require a complete case study of the person and delve into the backgrounds and relationships of the escapist rather than arbitrary guesswork. Nobody doubts the importance of conscious experience why then should we doubt the significance of unconscious happenings? They are also the part of our life, and sometimes more truly a pert of it for weal or woe than any happenings of the day ( Jung, 1970). Jung wrote a variety of articles, developing and perfecting his theory over a period of time (Adams 2004) which led to the collection of all his articles under a book called Dreams (1974).For Johns case we will discuss the two canonic categories of dreams given by Jung (1) Reactive (2) Compensatory Reactive dreams are coming as a reaction to some kind of trauma or repression faced by the individual. Most dreams fall, however, in the compensatory category, where the lay out moment attitudes or compromises of the ego are reflected back. Compensatory dreams present alternative perspectives that have been repressed, dissociated or otherwise defensively excluded by the ego (Addams 2004).Jungs theory of personality suggested that there exists the collective unconscious, a set of influences that we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even wildcat ancestors from the past. This collective unconscious is shared by everyone and is displayed by behavior that is shown as common across all cultures. Loving your mother, belief in a overbearing being, fear of dark, cold places, and perceiving certain images as positive and certain images as negative are all results of the collective unconscious of which the entire race is a part of.Jung believed that the collective unconscious has archetypes which were the universal symbolic representations of a particular person object or experience (Feldman, 1993). One of these archetypes is the mother archetype, a symbolic representation of a mother-figure present across all cultures, religions, literature, myths and even fairy tales (Virgin Mary, Mother Hubbard, Kali, fairy godmother etc. ). In Johns case the dreams seem to be of the second kind, which is the most common kind.Owing from Johns history that was taken prior to analysis (as per rule of psychoanalysis itself), it is seen that John has not been in any kind of traumatic experience lately which could lead to show that his dreams are in any way a reactive phenomenon to some event. It seems as if the ego, which is conducting the job of maintaining the deep secrets of the collective unconscious which tries to seep through our dreams, feelings, premonitions and behavioral idiosyncrasies.Johns history reveals that his favorite passion as a child was building tracks, as mentioned before, and he would often use his mothers stray clips and pins while trying to make trucks. Once, he recalls, during his free association sessions, that his mother had gone out for the afternoon for a little while and he was left alone with his toys. John had sneaked into his mothers live and taken all the clips and pins he could find to build a tiny engine for his truck out of the old cardboard boxes lying around in the attic.It did not thus struck as odd to the therapist when John responded with the word road with the word pins. Word association technique, also propounded by Carl Jung, was a technique where the individual is given a list of words. To these set of words, the individual is asked to respond to the first reaction that comes to the mind. In modern day interpretation, reaction time and expressions are also noted. In Jungs original version the main practices were focused on the response the individual gave to the words.In Johns case, the response to the word road came as pins which could have explained his recollection of his childhood methodology of building trucks through borrowing the pins from his mothers dresser. John also remembers being scolded by his mother very sternly regarding the stealing of pins. He remembers his mother telling him that although what he stole was not of much significance, it did however matter that he stole something which was wrong on every account. John remembers crying and repeating the word sorry many times and considers this to be one of his more unforgettable events in his childhood.The military set up, of which John is a part of, also establishes a certain emphas is on rule-abiding and a formidable outlook on immoral practices. Discipline and control are a big part of Johns life, so it is not surprising that such an event in childhood where his moral qualities were called into question continue to remain vivid in his memories. Although Johns energies have been channelized constructively, he does report feeling more inclined towards construction and manual labor oriented tasks, which speak of his childhood pastime of building trucks.In his dream John is chased by a figure which has long hair and a cloak, easily represented by an condemnable mother archetype. John may be harboring feelings in his personal unconscious, which is different from the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the combination of the residue of the personal events and experiences of the individuals life, whereas the collective unconscious is the collective residue of the events and lives of the ancestors of the individual which is shared by all members of the society.Here since the archetype is professed as the evil mother archetype (given in the form of various myths and religions such as Kali, the Death Goddess, Evil Enchantress, Vivien and the Witch in Hansel and Gretel (Fox, 1994), we can understand Johns residual and unconscious fear of his mother. The dream can be further interpreted in terms of his fear and overall overpowering sense of moral code and ethics which guides his childhood memories as well as present day ambitions. This fear of childhood and present day fear of judgment may be symbolized as the evil mother since the fundament may have a will of its own.The concept of shadow by Carl Jung is synonymous to the concept of id by Sigmund Freud, which represents all the carnal and basic desires of the person. The Greeks separated the mother archetype in both good and bad ways, whether it was the sexual version of Aphrodite, the virgin Artemis, the motherly Demeter and the dominating Hera (Fox, 1994). The mother figure sy mbolized as evil in Johns dream does not necessarily convey that John hates his mother or considers her as evil.It is simply a symbolic representation and interpretation of ideas and themes that are considered as overwhelming or powerful which have taken the connection of childhood memories, themes and ideas. The door and the sea both represent an initiation into a world that is unvalued and thus a voyage into the unknown is found in this particular sequence of the dream. The sea has various interpretations in terms of archetypes and expresses a vast majority of symbolizeings including an initiation, a voyage, an uneasy division betwixt order and chaos, the eternal mother, etc (Carlson, 1986).A study was conducted on the archetype of doors and it was found that doors represent safety and keep bad things from getting in or succor in escape if danger threatens. A door may represent a way out, a way to safety (Hatala, 1992). This dream could possibly mean that the door symbolizes a certain escape and balance that was brought from the uncertainty in life. The uncertainty that could have arisen from the difference in ambition and the difference in the current profession is absolved through the doorway of channelizing the energies into a positive way, for example, by joining the military.For the process of deindividuation, which Jung called the process of discovering the deepest of potentials of a person, dreams provide as powerful tools and cues in order to discover and fulfill the calls of the inner psyche. In Johns dreams the call of the unconscious seems to be towards the ego and the persona (synonymous to the Freudian ego or reality principle) which absolves the conflicts of the ego. John seems to doubt his ego which the ego in turn does not want it to do. It wants John to make peace with the investment of his energies.The dream starts with the evil mother archetype and seems to end with the sea or the eternal mother archetype. This means that there is pea ce within the system of Johns unconscious, soon enough this peace needs to be maintained, accepted and realized by the individual himself. Works Cited Addams, M. V. (2004). The Fantasy Principle Psychoanalysis of the Imagination. New York Brunner-Routledge. Carlson, P. A. (1986). Literature and lore of the sea. Costerus, virgin ser. , v. 52. Amsterdam Rodopi. Coolidge, F. L. (2006). Dream interpretation as a psychotherapeutic technique.Oxford Radcliffe. Feldman, R. S. (1993). Psychology. New York McGraw-Hill. Fox, R. (1994). The challenge of anthropology old encounters and new excursions. New Brunswick, N. J. , U. S. A. Transaction. Hatala, L. J. (1992). Incredibly American releasing the heart of quality. Milwaukee, Wis ASQC feature Press. Jung, C. G. (1953). Psychological reflections an anthology of the writings of C. G. Jung. London Routledge and K. Paul. Miller, C. A. , & Miller, C. A. (2004). Nursing for wellness in older adults theory and practice. Philadelphia Lippincott W illiams & Wilkins.

Rachel Akhazemea Essay

In the brisk of mice and men John Steinbeck uses the two protagonists Lennie small and George Milton to translate morals through- bulge by the novella. Steinbeck uses the m personal characters to portraying the American dream. I realize Steinbeck vaguely gets us to explore each character feeling by feeling, but in the time of age theyre living in we get a clearer understanding of why they are the government agency they are. In this essay I give discuss the relationship between both George and Lennie, and why Steinbeck has fixd to use two completely different characters in the same content.A rather paint way in which Steinbeck introduces Lennie and George is through the use of description. In the opening of the novel, Steinbeck decides to create suspense for the characters. He uses metaphorical lecture to compare Lennie bid an animal the way a bear drags his paws, the idea of Steinbeck doing this allows the pictureer to assumedly suggest what type of person Lennie is straig ht away, the imagery of the bear represents how masculine, strong and loud Lennie comes crosswise to be, but on the other hand it could represent how sometimes a bear is oblivious(predicate) of its actions and is dangerous, therefore this foreshadows what happens later on in the novel.Our understanding of Lennie begins to grow as we read further on into the novel. We know Lennie is nailn as a strong character physically and George is a strong character verbally, but not so much physically as Lennie. The relationship may face some challenges as theyre vocabulary is obviously different, you would assume two close friends would show accordance in the way they come across, but Steinbeck doesnt use this typical idea of friendship in the novel.As we read further on in the book we create an image for both characters. We start to realise how Lennie treats George as a father figure. Lennie, despite cosmos slow and easily confused, is sure of this friendship. We see this when Lennie is subjected to answer Crooks joke when he says George might abandon him, Lennie jumps to reply George wouldnt do nothing like that this shows that as dim-witted as Lennie seems, he allow continue to reassure himself and believe that George would never leave because of the value of their relationship, from Lennies point of view, George is the most important person in his life his guardian and totally friend. We overly see that Lennie is un leave behinding and nave but I wouldnt eat none, George Id leave it all for you.You could cover your beans with it and I wouldnt touch none of it the detail that Lennie outbursts in apology after George expresses to him his anger, goes to show the extent of earnestness Lennie has for their relationship, the idea that he is willing to sacrifice his desire (being ketchup) vindicatory shows how much he truly cares about George. We also see how much Lennie is dependant of George as he obeys George Yes Lennie turned his head.No, Lennie. Look down t here across the river you can almost see the place Lennie obeys George the fact that Lennie obeys George quickly shows there is a certain amount of respect for George, it shows he trusts George in whatever is being said, But we can then perceive this in two ways a threatening, cruel way, or just the fact that Lennie understands the level of respect needful with George. This also suggests to the reader that there are turf outriers in the relationship that affect how they treat each other, when Lennie chooses to obey George it may also show how Lennie cant decide for himself and he needs George to make his decisions for him.On the other hand, I have explored the way Lennies and Georges characters may change once they are somewhat other people. We can also link this to the way George treats Lennie, George who is constructed as a responsible father-like macrocosm, and then seen as a reluctant carer to Lennie can be seen as a battle between two personalities in one person.We realise Georges personality changes when he is talking to Lennie and referring to the dream they both share Georges voice became of lateer. He repeated his words rhythmically as though he had said them many times before. Guys like us work on ranches the fact that Georges voice begins to get deeper as he starts to explain the dream shows how he feels towards it, sweet passionate George begins to reveal itself to the reader implying his interest in what hes explaining, and it becomes more than words that he is speaking.But we then realise the contrast when George is talking amongst his work friends, George refers to Lennie as a Crazy bastard his dialect is a complete intonation from when he was explaining the dream passionately. Describing Lennie as a crazy bastard may give the impression to the reader that George pretends he doesnt understand the way Lennie is when he behaves unnecessary, showing how he may require to seem bigger than what he really is, in front of his work friends. Georg e finds it effortful to show his true love and compassion towards Lennie when around other people.In Chapter three George is talking to slim about the past, George explains to him how him and Lennie grew up together as neighbours, George mentions that when he first began travelling with Lennie he found it funny to play pranks on Lennie, but as they grew older they were no longer fun. We realise the relationship comes across barriers and obstacles in particular because Lennie had a mental disability. George herd Lennies whimpering cry and wheeled about, blubbering like a baby Jesus Christ A big guy like you Lennies lip quivered and tears started in his eyes, aw, Lennie George roll his hands on Lennies shoulder .I aint pickings it away for meanness, that mouse aint fresh..ect Lennie cries like a baby, his response can be compared to a baby when they get told off, this may show mental weakness. The main(prenominal) thing about it is seeing a grown man cry, What is also interesting is now that George has made Lennie cry, George is con alignrably softened up by Lennies tears, Georges quick reply was I aint taking it away jus for meanness this shows George has a passionate side, he doesnt want Lennie to be upset, but he still needs to show some control. We also recognize the quick transition in George as his emotions change from firm to soft, some people might perceive this is another way, the fact that George switches the way he talks to Lennie so explosive may show he is forced to put on a responsible role, George doesnt want to be mean to Lennie, but Lennies behaviour forces him to.Georges sharp words can sometimes come across threatening to Lennie, his role of having to be responsible and caring towards him can be challenging for George.Into the sustain chapter as Lennie and George arrive at the camp and eventually go into meet the boss, George is very keen on being in control. His constant use of language is used to dominate the conversation. Whats your name?George Miltonand yours?George said, His names Lennie small. This shows us that George is carefully thinking about what may happen if he allows Lennie to talk, with full understanding that if Lennie says something out of content, they might loose their opportunity of working there. When we come to talk about how others may see the relationship, I find the bosss perceiptive can be very intresting, as the boss is conversating with Small and Milton, the boss starts to suspect that George is using lennie to steal his money he hacked his thumbs in his belt and squinted one eye around closed. Say what you sellin? huh?I said what stake you got in this guyThe boss miss interprets Georges authority and sees it as a way of George benefiting himself by taking Lennies money. When George knows he uses his authorative role to benefit them from losing their jobs.Later on in the novella, it is evident that George begins to feel fed up with Lennie, having to move locations all the time for ever y lilliputian mistake Lennie does. The fact that George ends ups killing Lennie clearly shows his lack of faith. George comes to a realisation that Lennie can not carry on the journey with him especially when he seems to be limiting him from going anywhere.I believe Steinbeck wants the reader to understand that sometimes you need to do the worst things to get the best results. He uses these two reluctant characters to portrait a hidden hope between them both, but the hope ends up getting crushed once George kills Lennie, which seemed like it was for the best.With a wider insight of what Steinbeck uses the characters for. Ive analysed the way he uses the American dream with Lennie and George to separate them from the rest of the workmen. Lennie and George both share the same dream which keeps their hope through out their stay at their workplace. George says with us it aint like that. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us.We dont have so sit in no bar room blowin in o ur jack jus because we got no place to go, if them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.. the fact that George separates him and lennie from the other guys shows he sees everyone else differently, it shows they have a different mind-set to the rest of the guys and it shows they believe in something bigger and not bad(p)er than in the walls of the ranch.Throughout the novel, Lennie seems to be unaware of what is right and what is wrong, and this comes across as a burden on george as he has to correct gim for every wrong thing he does. George knows just how comfy his life could be without Lennie and all the confusion he causes. We understand this because at the start of the book George tells Lennie how he would get a decent job with courteous guys to talk to and a good pay. Then at the end spend as much as he wanted. Georges life has been made harder because of Lennie, and until Lennie goes, hell forever be unhappy.When George is conversing with the boss, its interesting to see how Lennie can hide his strength which only emphasizes his weakness. The boss seems interested in hearing what Lennie can do, because of his masculinity and size, but now that Lennie has been forbidden to talk by George, he is afraid to communicate The boss pointed a playful finger at Lennie he aint much of a talker, is he? hes sure a hell of a good worker.Strong as a shit The fact that lennie is described as another animal for the 2nd time in this novel re-enforces Steinbecks idea of Lennie, it repeatedly foreshadows his behaviour now and what it could turn out to be, an animal has a lower mind-set than a human, less knowledgeable and less understanding. This episode also highlights how Lennie is weaker than George, Lennies physical build is very deceiving and he is control by his mental ability and by his utter subjugation to George.We also realise the different types of features used such as imagery, metaphors and similes to dominate the s cene or setting. A water snake glided smoothly up the pool, twisting its periscope head from side to side, and it swam the length of the pool and came to the legs of a motionless heron that stood in the shallow. A silent head and beak lanced down and plucked it out by the head and the beak swallowed the little snake while its tail waved frantically the great imagery here is used to begin section 6 to describe a setting like the Garden of Eden this gives the reader a touch modality of what the scene may look like, a paradise heaven.The sliding snake represents the tempting serpent from the Garden of Eden, this symbolism is used to suggest the predatory disposition of the world foreshadowing Lennies quick death. The innocent snake narrated in the beginning of the novel is now un-expectedly taken from the world and soon Lennies life will be taken from the world just as un expected as the snake. The idea that the snake is classed in a lower category than the Heron shows the dispute b etween George and Lennie, George representing the predator and Lennie as the prey.We can often question ourselves on the way Steinbeck decided to end the book. The ending was certainly optimistic and interesting and especially un-expected. I believe Steinbeck wanted to get across to the readers that in order to pursue our dreams, we have to get rid of whats stopping us from achieving, and in this case Lennie was topping George. Steinbeck also wants us to realise the amount of determination you need when you desperately want something.A successful way in which Steinbeck ends the novel is in the way he links it to the American Dream. The two protagonists lennie small and george Milton clearly help structure the hole idea of the American dream and the deep morals that come along side it. The American dream tells us that everyone is equal and everyone has same rights to achieve success, as long as effort is put into it.In this case, Lennie and George would love to persue their dream tog ether, but Lennies mental ability and slow mindset holds them both back from achieving and becoming successful, Steinbeck clearly show this by proving in order to persue your dreams, you need full submission, meaning getting rid of anything that is holding you back, and in this case, Lennie.Another way in which we could perceive the way Steinbeck uses the characters to portrait the American dream, is through their characteristics. Pursuing something great requires a lot of determination and a right mind set, it wasnt that Lennie and George had no determination but lennie wasnt in the perfect mind state to pursue the dream, so by George ending Lennies life, it allowed the extra stress to be released of Georges shoulders.Steinbeck simply uses this to show the reality side of things. The idea that the dream was reachable, but once George gave up on Lennie the dream became no longer attainable. The American dream was for anyone stable enough to work for what they want and to achieve it , but the purpose of the ending was another way of telling people that having a dream and striving for it is definitely not easy, he also gets us to understand that even though everyone around you may not believe in what you do, it does not mean you should stop believing in it. The main core of this novel was the suspense built between Lennie and George to show having a strong desire for something isnt impossible.

Differrences between Invitation to treat and Proposal Essay

A design is do when a person is willing to enter into a lawfully binding contract. However, an invitation to compensate is scarce a supply of information (eg. an concernizing) to tempt a person into qualification a final cause.It is important to differentiate a plan which will thus lead to binding obligations on acceptance. On the other hand an invitation to pass over is a mere suggestion of a readiness to deal or trade. In essence, an invitation to treat is a preliminary approach to others inviting them to make a purpose which can thus be accepted or rejected. For lawsuit, if A said I want to sell you my Xbox 360 only I will not let it go for less than $300, t lid is an invitation to treat. Even if B wanted to buy As Xbox for $300 he cannot be obliged to sell it to you for there is no official proposal in which to accept or reject. However if A said I will sell you my Xbox 360 for $300, that would reconcile as a proposal.The invitation does not constitute a proposal , it is an invitation to engage in negotiations to form a contract, or an proposal to receive an proposal from another party (Willmott et al., 2005, p. 37). In Partridge v Crittenden, case law has established that advertisements and in Pharmaceutical lodge of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd auctions and displays of goods for sale atomic number 18 invitations to treat rather than proposals. However, in other types of transactions it can be hard to differentiate mingled with the two. This is where the objective test applies it must be determined how a reasonable person would reckon the situation. An invitation to treat may sometimes appear to be a proposal and the distinction can sometimes be difficult to determine. The distinction is important because if wizard accepts an proposal, they have created a binding contract however if one accepts an invitation to treat then they will be making an proposal. The main difference between an proposal and an invitation to treat is where an invitation to treat lacks the intention to be legally bound.The difference between an proposal and an invitation to treat lies solely in the promisors intentions. An proposal is a proposal in which all bargaining is resolved and the party who wishes to make the transaction is prep ard tomake a legally binding contract with an individual who has equal bargaining power and has the capacity to responsibly accept. An example of a common proposal could include a phone contract, where all the terms and conditions have been do and acceptance is ready to occur with no unless bargaining. In contrast, an invitation to treat is seen as a request to negotiate or make an proposal with a contract in mind1. An invitation to treat allows for get ahead questions, statements and bargaining to me make during the negotiation process where the acceptance of such a request is not legally binding.Determining the difference between an invitation to treat and an proposal can be diffi cult as these two terms are similar and yet, legally, very different. An invitation to treat is not an proposal (Monahan and motorcarr-Gregg, 2007, pp. 6-7), but rather a request to negotiate with the intentions to enter into a contract. There is no legal obligation on the person who proposals an invitation to treat. Once there is an expression of willingness to be contractually bound on the stated terms (Australia Legal Dictionary, 2004, p.306) an proposal is said to have being made. However, where there is no intention to be bound by a contract, negotiations continue until the terms can be accepted and the parties contractually bound, should a party accept the invitation to treat then make an proposal and this is accepted, then there will be a legally binding contract. As shown in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd (1953) 1 QB 401 in one case a customer makes an proposal to buy goods from the store the owner can accept or reject the term s.For example, though a salesman may display an detail in a store window it is not an proposal as the proposalor is not obliged to make the sale and can still alter the wrong or pre move terms or conditions as to the sale of the particular proposition. If the terms can be successfully negotiated then an agreement can be reached and the parties are contractually bound, however, if the proposalor refuses the proposalees proposal, then negotiations may or may not continue depending upon the intentions of both parties. The shop owner isnt legally obliged to sell an item that is being advertised, redden if the price was met by a customer, or if it was accompanied by a special proposal. This was easily seen in Fisher V. Bell 1961 1 QB 394, where the shop owner displayed a flicknife for salebut this sale was prohibited due to legislation. This also allows shop owners not to sell an item which was mis prosecutenly priced at a very low amount.A particular form of invitation to treat that has come under scrutiny has been advertisements. In his judgement in Partridge v Crittenden, Lord Parker CJ said, When one is dealing with advertisementsthere is business sense in their being construed as invitations to treat and not proposals for sale. Although a layman may regard the listing of a price next to an item in a catalogue as an proposal, in legal terms this is largely an invitation to treat, or an invitation for the customer to proposal to purchase the item, which the store/salesman may then accept or reject. Similarly, information regarding a product is also regarded as an invitation to treat according to Gibson v Manchester City Council.The fundamental difference between an proposal and an invitation to treat is the intention of the proposalor, and while an advertisement, which is not targeting anyone in particular (but the world at large), can generally be deemed an invitation to treat, it is possible for it to be an proposal to the world at large. As stated many t imes already, an important factor is the intention of the person making the proposal and there are several factors to determine whether the advertisement is an invitation to treat or an proposal to the world at large. The terminology that is used, any limitations imposed on who could accept or any limitations on what was being proposaled are important factors.The need for invitations to treat is clear, because otherwise people may find themselves in contracts they cannot fulfil, perchance due to insufficient stock (Graw 2005). If an proposalor, however, limits the number of people who can accept, the problem wouldnt occur and it makes it possible for the advertisement to be an proposal to the world at large. This is seen in the case of Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Store 86 NW 2d 689 (1957) in the USA. In this case the store placed a newspaper advertisement specifying stolon in, first serve for 3 brand new fur coats, at $1 each. Mr Lefkowitz was one of the first 3 custome rs to try and buy a coat. He was told that it was only for women. He sued and won as the proposal was clear and definite, it wasnt an invitation to treat but an proposal to sell.Also, if an advertisement proposals something and limits supply (eg. Until stock runs out, two per customer) it may be intended to fill all orders within the limitation and indeed it would be an proposal not an invitation to treat.An important case to consider when comparing the differences between an proposal and an invitation to treat is the case of Leonard v Pepsico 88 F.Supp.2d 116 (1999) during which a television advertisement was windy proposaling prizes that could be exchanged for specific amounts of product points or the cash equivalent (i.e. 50 points for a hat and 75 for a t-shirt). At the end of the advert Pepsico proposaled a fighter plane for 700,000 points. John Leonard took the advert seriously and consequently earned the required points and sent his points away to pepsico for the plane. Whe n denied his acceptance of what he took to be an proposal, Leonard proceeded to take legal action against Pepsico. Kimba M. Wood J held that the advert displayed no terms nor conditions, adverts do not constitute an proposal and there was no proposal made for which the plaintiff could respond to. As the proposal was made in jest, the advert could not be taken to constitute a valid proposal and as such should be viewed merely as a invitation to treat.An important case to consider when comparing the differences between an proposal and an invitation to treat is the case of Leonard v Pepsico 88 F.Supp.2d 116 (1999) 7 during which a television advert was aired proposaling telling of prizes that could be exchanged for specific amounts of product points or the cash equivalent (i.e. 50 points for a hat and 75 for a t-shirt). At the end of the advert Pepsico proposaled a fighter plane for 700,000 points. John Leonard took the advert seriously and consequently earned the required points and s ent away for the plane. When denied his acceptance of what he took to be an proposal, Leonard proceeded to take action against Pepsico. Kimba M. Wood J held that the advert displayed no terms nor conditions, adverts do not constitute an proposal and there was no proposal made for which the plaintiff could respond to. As the proposal was made in jest, the advert could not be taken to constitute a valid proposal and as such should be viewed merely as a invitation to treat.An invitation to treat is distinguishable from an proposal in that an proposal constitutes the first step of a contract and can be accepted along with consideration to form a contract. An invitation to treat is not an proposal but merely an invitation for the targeted audience to present their proposal, which may, or may not be accepted. A prime example of an invitation to treat is a catalogue. Catalogues often contain pictures, and words describing their products on sale and are advertised to a large number of peopl e in a certain market who may be interested. Whereas an proposal would be targeted at an individual with certain terms and conditions, rather than at a large audience. It is important to establish that a catalogue is only an invitation to treat, otherwise a retailer could be in breach of contract if they exhaust all their supply of a product that has been proposaled in their catalogue.Businesses such as Supermarkets, travel agents and Car Companies often use the term special proposal, which can be mistaken to have the same meaning as the term proposal does in the legal sense. (Massey V Crown Life Insurance Co ). The courts recognise that people from non-law backgrounds, use the word proposal rather loosely and therefore are reluctant to rely on the use of the word, to gauge intention (Gooley et al., 2007, pp. 45-46). It is often an invitation to treat in the same sense as display of goods. Merely occupation something an proposal does not make it one (Graw, S, 2005, pp. 48-49).The c onditions and rationale under which a court differentiates an proposal from the ambiguous invitation to treat, is that an proposal is a readiness to be legally bound. In contrast, both parties within the invitation to treat remain at the negotiation stage. It is not until the invitation to treat has led to an proposal, which is then accepted, that a contract is formed.Promotional statements in advertisements are treated as invitations to treat or to be outside the realm of contract law altogether as being mere puffery not intended to be legally binding (Davis, J, 2006). Anotherissue that arises in clarifying an proposal from an invitation to treat is that when an proposalee submits an enquiry, it is difficult to determine whether or not the solution can be interpreted as an actual proposal or simply a mere supply of information as seen in Harvey v Facey 1893 AC 552.The courts regard that the presentation of goods for sale in a shop signifies that the cashier is willing to treat, in spite of the price labelled on the item. Therefore, an proposal is only reached when the customer presents the goods to the cashier, which will either be accepted or declined. When examining cases in contract law, it is essential to understand the four elements of contract formation to be able to trace negotiations back to the very fine point that distinguishes an proposal from an invitation to treat.Auctions are a distinct method of sale where whether it is an proposal or invitation to treat can sometimes be ambiguous. If there is a reserve price for the item of sale, the auctioneer cannot sell the item unless the highest bid is higher than the reserve price. In this case the verbal enticement to bid made by the auctioneer towards a plausible purchaser can be considered akin to an invitation to treat. Each of the bids therefore can be regarded as an proposal which the auctioneer may or may not accept. The acceptance can be considered to have occurred when the hammer falls. Payne v . sabotage (1789) 3 TR 148 is a good example in which the proposal was withdrawn forward being accepted. In this instance the defendant made the highest bid for items for the plaintiffs but before the auctioneers hammer could fall, he withdrew the proposal. The court found the defendant was not contractually bound to purchase the item. His bid was considered to be an proposal, which was permitted to be withdrawn before the auctioneer had accepted. If the item in question has no reserve price, the highest bidder is usually considered to have made a contract with the auctioneer and therefore a rejection by the auctioneer would usually be considered a breach of contractual proposal. This was shown in the Court of Appeal in Barry v. Davies 2000 1 WLR 1962.Differences between Cross- passport and Counter-offerCross offer When the offers made by two persons to each other containingsimilar terms of bargain cross each other in post they are known as cross offers. For example, on 1st Janua ry A offers to sell his radio set to B for Rs. 500/- through a letter sent by post. On the same date B also writes to A making an offer to purchase As radio set for Rs. 500 /- When A or B send their letters they do not know about the offer which is being made by the other side. In these cross offers, even though both the parties intend the same bargain, there arises no could arise only if either A or B , after having the knowledge of the offer, had accepted the same. Counter Offer A counter offer amounts to rejection of the original offer.Legal effect of counter contract. A contract offer- (i) Rejection of original offer (ii) The original offer is lapsed(iii) A counter offer result is a new offer.For example -A offered to sell his pen to B for Rs.1,000. B replied, I am ready to hold Rs.950. On As refusal to sell at this price, B agreed to pay Rs.1,000. Held, there was not contract as the acceptance to buy it for Rs.950 was a counter offer, i.e. rejection of the offer of A. Subseq uent acceptance to pay Rs.1,000 is a fresh offer from B to which A was not bound to give his acceptance.

Regression Model

IntroductionA throwback model with star instructive shifting is called a Simple additive throwback, that is it involves 2 points single explanatory shifting and the response variable which is the x and y, coordinates in a Cartesian plane and finds a running(a) function a non-vertical straight line that, as precisely as possible it explains the dependent variable value as a function of the independent variables.The term frank refers to the fact that the response variable y is related to one predictor x. The regression model is inclined as Y=?0+?1 + ? and they are two parameters that are used rate the slope of the line ?1 and the y- catch of the line ?0. ? is the random error term.BackgroundRegression analysis is a vital statistical method for the analysis of medical examination information.It makes it possible for the recognition and grouping of races among multiple factors. It also enables the recognition of prognostically relevant jeopardy factors and the calculatio n of risk scores for individual prognostication, this was made possible by English scientist Sir Francis Galton (18221911), a cousin of Charles Darwin, made pregnant contributions to both genetics and psychology.He is the one that came with regression and a pioneer in using statistics in a study of living organism. In his study the data sets that he considered consisted was the blossoms of fathers and first sons. He wanted to find out whether he can predict the height of a son found on the father height. Looking at the scatterplots of these heights, Galton saw that the was relationship which was one-dimensional and increasing.After fitting a line to these data using the statistical techniques, he observe that for fathers whose heights were taller than the average, the regression line predicted that taller fathers tended to imbibe shorter sons and shorter fathers tended to have taller sons.PurposesSimple linear regression could be for example be purposefully when we Consider a relationship between weight Y (in kilograms) and height X(in centimeters), where the mean weight at a wedded height is ?(X) = 2X/4 45 for X 100.Because of biological variability, the weight will vary for example, it might be normally distributed with a fixed ? = 4. The difference between an observed weight and mean weight at a given height is referred to as the error for that weight. To discover the relationship which is linear, we could take the weight of three individuals at each height and apply linear regression to model the mean weight as a function of height using a straight line, ?(X) = ?0 + ?1X .The most popular way to estimate the parameters, intercept ?0 and slope ?1 is the least squares estimator, which is derived by differentiating the regression with respect to ?0 and ?1 and solving, Let (xi , y i ) be the Ith pair of X and Y values. The least squares estimator, estimates ?0 and ?1 by minimizing the residual sum of squared errors, SSE = ?(y i ? i)2, where y i are th e observed value and ?i = b0 + b1xi are the estimated regression line points and are called the fitted, predicted or hat values.The estimates are given by b0 =y b1 x and b1 = SSXX / SSYY, and where Xand Y are the means of samples X and Y, SSXX and SSYY being their standard aberrancy values and r = r(X,Y) being their Pearson correlation coefficient. It is also referred to as Pearsons r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, is a measure of the linear between two variables X and Y Where X is the independent variable and Y being the pendent variable as stated above.The Pearson correlation coefficient, r can take a range of values from -1 to +1. A value of 0 suggests that there is no association between the two variables X and Y. A value greater than 0 indicates a positive association that is, as the value of one variable increases, so does the value of the other variable.Before using simple linear regression analysis it is invariably vital to follow these few steps Ch oose an independent variable that is likely to cause the transplant in the dependent variable Be certain that the past amounts for the independent variable occur in the exact same period as the amount of the dependent variable.Plot the observations on a interpret using the y-axis for the dependant variable and the x-axis for the independent variable review the plotted observations for a linear cast and for any outliers keep in mind that there can be correlation without cause and effect.ImportancesSimple linear regression is considered to be extensively useful in many practical applications and methodologies.Simple linear regression functions by assuming that the variables x and y have a relationship which is linear within the given set of data. As assumptions are and results are interpreted, persons handling the analysing role in a such data will have to be more critical because it has been studied before that there are some variables which inhibit marginal changes to occur whi le others will not consider being held at a fixed point.Although the concept of linear regression is one complex subject, it still remains to be one of the most vital statistical approaches being used till date. Simple linear regression is authoritative because it has be wildly being used in many biological, behavioural , environmental as hygienic as social sciences.Because of its ability to describe possible relationships between identified variables independent and dependent , it has help the fields of epidemiology, finance, economics and trend line in describing significant data that proves to be of essence in the identified fields. More so, simple linear regression is important because it provides an idea of what needs to be anticipated, more specially in controlling and regulating functions involved on some disciplines.Despite the complexity of simple linear aggression, it has proven to be adequately useful in many daily applications of life.

Machiavelli Ruler Essay

Elizabeths religious and political policies displayed her device characteristics of being both loved. Her use of justification by force rather than law was effective and was a main reason for her success. The pouf surrounded herself with shrewd and wise advisors that also carefully questioned the motives of her impending consultants. In Machiavellian style, Elizabeths religious policy fluctuated between toleration and repression according to the needs of the parade time. But contempt the conflicts between the Catholics and Protestants, Elizabeth still pursued a middle way between the feuding religions.In the Elizabethan Settlement, Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity in the Church of England but allowed deal to worship Protestantism and universality privately. In the Thirty-Nine Articles, Elizabeth defined the Anglican Church as assumeing the Protestant doctrine but keeping the Catholic hierarchy. The Queen abolished presbytery structure and other corrupt church prac tices but kept a centralized figure head (monarchy). Elizabeth as well showed little mercy to anyone who threatened her rule. Religious extremists such(prenominal) as Puritans and Catholics were commitn a choice to reform or be exiled inElizabeths conventicle Act. Because of these actions, Elizabeth is also considered a politique she put political over religious matters. Another example of Elizabeth following the Machiavellian concept is her refusal of marriage to major power Philip II of Spain. Elizabeth was married to her country and did not want a King to come along and change the religion and take all her power. In her foreign policy, she was systematic because it was knowing to keep her in power. One example of a threat to Elizabeths power was Mary Queen of Scots.Many of Elizabeths Catholic enemies wanted to see her replaced by Mary. Because of the many threats Elizabeth received from her, Mary was executed, despite being Elizabeths relative. Elizabeth killed Mary for the g ood of England and did not let any person interfere with her ruling. Although Elizabeth dealt abominably with those who tried to overthrow her, Elizabeths people loved her even after her death because of her strong master of respect and loyalty. By following the Machiavellian style, Queen Elizabeth I became seen as one of the most prestigious ruler who led England successfully.In French history, Prince Henry of Navarre is known as being Machiavellian. Prince Henry, who although was Protestant, converted to a Catholic for the good of France. Since the Bourbon Prince was Protestant and a legal heir to the French throne, it posed a riddle because of France being strongly Catholic. Although there was an attempt by Henry trine to grant Huguenots almost tell apart freedom in the Peace of Beaulieu, it fails and Henry III seeks aid from Henry of Navarre. After Henry III dies, Prince Henry of Navarre succeeds him and becomes King Henry IV.Because Spain was intervening in other matters, Henry IV became stronger in his rule. He was widely liked by France and did what was best for the country. The King put his politics and image with the French people before his religion. He converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to please the masses of France. In the decree of Nantes, Henry make a formal religious settlement for the Huguenots. The Huguenots received religious toleration and private worshipping outside of Paris. The Edict was considered a truce rather than religious tolerance as it gave the Huguenots protection.King Henry issued the edict in order to save the national unity of France. He saved France from religious turmoil even if it meant for him to give up his own religion. Paris is worth the mass is one of his famous sayings. He asserts that it is more important to secure the unity and safety of a nation than to not be stubborn and not follow the mass. King Henry IV was one of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign. He showed grand care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time.King Henry sacrificed a great amount for the good of his country by putting political over religious matters and doing whatever it takes to come through success. Machiavelli has had enormous influence on the worlds successful rulers. People like Queen Elizabeth I and King Henry IV ruled their country with great attention. These rulers were war wise, noble, brave, strong, and kept faith in others at a minimum. Elizabeth and Henry did what was best for their country, even if it meant sacrificing religion. They used any means to stay in power. Elizabeth I and Henry IV truly displayed Machiavellian characteristics through the way they used their power.

Sahara Desert

General facts Largest Desert in the world 10 percent of the African continent, 5000 years ago had a significantly larger mammalian population, due to it getting dryer and over hunting in the last 100 years, the mammals are upright extinction in the sahara. IntroDefinition of abdicate a region so arid because of lesser rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all Deserts cover about wholeness fifth of our planet, and are caused by extremely paltry rainfall over an area. Arid deserts generally occur at low latitudes, and can be found in North-America, South-America, Africa, and Southern Asia. In deserts such as the Atacama, there has never been all rainfall recorded since record keeping has come into existence. While coastal deserts are mildy fast and get some rainfall and cold deserts are cold.Climate Temp The average temperature for this desert is 86 degrees Fahrenheit with the hottest ever recorded being 122 degrees. With freezing temperatures in the winter the climate of the Sahara is one the of the strangest on the planet. Temperature swings of 37.5 to 99.5 have been recorded. Rainfall the average rainfall for the Sahara is just 2.5 cm and in the eastern split it only gets .5 cm of rain a year. Seasonal Variations There are not much variations in seasons in this desert. It is mostly hot with very little rain. The only exception is winter. During winter the temperature can pass below freezing and it is more likely to rain during these times.Human InteractionThe current state of the biome is as usual with one exception the piss supply. The only human presence is around areas of permanent water supplies, such as oasis and water that is underground but close to the surface. Humans that live in these areas use the little water that is available for them selves and take that small amount away from the creatures that live there.

Policy and Strategy in Global Competition Essay

give-and-take Question 11.1 Why is it important for an make-up to have alignment betwixt its strategy and organizational complex body part? The relationship between an organizations strategy and structure ar extremely important because it directly impacts a firms performance (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 309). Also, as an organization grows, it should evaluate the current strategy and structure to ensure that it remains the optimal choice for the organization (Rothaermel, 2013). The four fictitious characters of organizational structures, listed in order of least to most complex according to Rothaermel (2013), are (1) simple, (2) functional, (3) multidivisional, and (4) hyaloplasm. The simple structure is for beautiful firms or organizations that are just starting out (Rothaermel, 2013). The decision-making structure is quite flat, as the interrupts tend to even off all the important strategic decisions (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 309). Growth willing often cause the higher-ups to f eel overwhelmed under this type of structure, requiring the organization to adopt a different, more complex structure (Rothaermel, 2013).A functional structure groups employees into teams, allowing for change magnitude decision-making at lower levels of the managerial chain (Rothaermel, 2013). The opportunity for specialization allows for the functional structure to be employed with each of the business-level strategies cost leadership, differentiation, or integration (Rothaermel, 2013). One of the hurdles to overcome would be the deally outgrowth in difficulties which arise from departmentalization of the varying teams (Rothaermel, 2013). The best way to overcome such a hurdle is with cross-functional teams (Rothaermel, 2013).Whenever the organization seeks greater diversification, into varying produce lines and service offerings, it will likely look into utilizing a multidivisional structure (Rothaermel, 2013). Under this structure, the organization is further compartmentali zedinto strategic business units (SBUs) which are governed by their own profit-and-loss (P&L) responsibilities (Rothaermel, 2013). At this level, each of the SBUs is viewed as its own independent entity, pursuing its own profit-creating goals (Rothaermel, 2013). While organizations with a bodily-level strategy with a single or dominant business would be best served by a functional structure, organizations seeking related or unrelated diversification would be wise to utilize a multidivisional structure (Rothaermel, 2013).Lastly, the matrix structure is a combination of the functional and multidivisional structures (Rothaermel, 2013). It is most appropriate when an organization necessitate a structure which allows for both centralized and decentralized decision-making, and toilette be organized by geographic areas and product divisions (Rothaermel, 2013). While a global strategy does not automatically lend to a matrix structure, a transnational strategy which has the requirements a bove is better served through a matrix structure (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 11.3(a) What commonalities across the products would likely be enhanced by flexible cross-functional teams? Gore has product lines which let in consumer products like guitar strings and vacuum filters, cables and cable assemblies, electronic and electrochemical materials, fabrics, fibers, filtration products, medical products, pharmaceutical processing, sealants, and venting products (Gore, 2015). Its product lines are used in industries ranging from aerospace and automotive to military and textiles (Gore, 2015).Gore utilizes cross-functional teams to help develop its many products inside varying lines (Rothaermel, 2013). Cross-functional teams allow for individuals from differing functional areas within an organization to temporarily come together and work on a particular project (Rothaermel, 2013). These teams would allow for the differing products, though au indeedtic for a particular functi on, to be developed for use in more than one of the organizations products (Rothaermel, 2013). As an example, the cables developed for aeronautics can likely be used in other electronic or automotive applications if developed by members from the appropriate cross-functional teams. Discussion Question 11.3(b) What would be your expectations of the type of norms found at W. L. Gore? Organizational norms see appropriate employee attitudes and behaviors (Rothaermel, 2013, p. 318).The norms which exist at Gore likely arise from founder imprinting,which means that Bill Gore, the founder of W. L. Gore & Associates, has helped to establish and define the corporations culture (Rothaermel, 2013). The organizations four meaning values, stated succinctly, are (1) fairness, (2) freedom, (3) individual commitment, and (4) consultation and collaboration (Rothaermel, 2013). These values, coupled with the open nature of the organizations structure, result in organizational norms which encourage t he free exchange of ideas and collaboration up and down the organizational ladder (Rothaermel, 2013). Employees, associates as they are called at Gore, likely show great respect to one another(prenominal) and to the customers for whom their products are developed (Rothaermel, 2013).Chapter 12Discussion Question 12.1 How can a firm lower the chances that tell apart managers will pursue their own self-interest at the expense of the stockholders? At the expense of the employees? Corporate disposal woodpeckers are utilized to help align the interests of principals and agents, or organizations and employees (Rothaermel, 2013). A venire of directors is one such tool which helps to prevent key managers to avoid pursuing their own self-interest at the expense of the stockholders (Rothaermel, 2013). A board of directors is independent, made up of both inside and outside directors, and answers directly to the shareholders (Rothaermel, 2013). Another tool is executive hire which links com pensation to the performance of the company (Rothaermel, 2013). This means that the CEO would receive certain stock options in lieu of pay (Rothaermel, 2013).If the companys stocks are doing well, likely showing that the company is successfully operating, then the CEO receives greater value in the stock options (Rothaermel, 2013). The concept of the market as a corporate control has the potential to protect both stockholders and employees interests through a key managers aid of being replaced if the company performs poorly (Rothaermel, 2013). If a company is not performing well, then the stock prices will begin to plummet, increasing the opportunity for an entity to purchase enough shares to exert significant control over the company (Rothaermel, 2013).Such control would likely result in the removal of current management, and possibly the dismantling of the organization (Rothaermel, 2013). This clearly injures the management, employees, and shareholders of the failing organization. Assuch, managers are motivated by the external market to perform well, thereby protecting the interests of stockholders and employees alike (Rothaermel, 2013). Discussion Question 12.2 Why are these two roles typically separated? Is it a positive development for so many firms to have a combined CEO and board moderate?The two roles of management and ownership are typically separated to ensure that the board of directors maintains its necessary freedom (Rothaermel, 2013). Where a board of directors is The decline stage differs from those above, as it introduces four strategic options for firms to pursue (1) belong, (2) harvest, (3) maintain, and (4) consolidate (Rothaermel, 2013). The exit strategy is precisely as it says it involves the firm choosing to leave the market to pursue other endeavors (Rothaermel, 2013).The harvest strategy means that the firm will still sell the product or service, but will dilute the level of investment in its maintenance and development (Rothaermel , 2013). The maintain strategy is also exactly what it sounds like the firm continues offering the product or service at the same level as it has been, notwithstanding the declining demand (Rothaermel, 2013). The consolidate strategy involves the purchasing of rivals in an effort to shrink the industry, which provides firms employing this strategy to reach near-monopolistic term (Rothaermel, 2013).ReferencesRothaermel, F. T. (2013). Strategic Management. New York McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Walmart. Our story. Retrieved on January 25, 2015, from http//corporate.walmart.com/our-story/