The School of Sociology and Anthropology Essay Example for Free

The School of Sociology and Anthropology EssayJoel S. Kahn is Professor of Anthropology at the School of Sociology and Anthropology, La Trobe University, Bundoora Campus, Victoria, Australia. He has authored several books, including Constituting the Minangkabau Peasants, Culture and Modernity in Colonial Ind wizardsia, Minangkabau Social Formations Indonesian Peasants in the World Economy, and edited, with Francis Loh Kok Wah, Fragmented Vision Culture and Politics in modern-day MalaysiaFor some time we bear lagged behind Indonesian stratificatory realities under the impression, once quite true, that the middle classes (or whatever we choose for the moment to call them) were too present moment to make a difference. Now, suddenly, when they appear to be making some difference, or anyway are considerable enough to compel notice, we are at a loss to figure out who exactly they are, why they are important, and what difference they actually make.Daniel Levs remarks about Indonesi a are doubly true in the Malay-sian context, for in venom of the well-documented growth of, if anything, a relatively larger middle class, as yet there has been remarkably little interest among social scientists in the phenomenon. With a fistful of exceptions, very few Malaysianists in Malaysia or overseas have done more than mention the middle class in passing and there have been even fewer attempts to clarify the use of the concept in Malaysian conditions, or to assess its impact on the taken-for-granted contours of Malaysian society.In the scholarly literary works on the Malays, with which I am most familiar and which for better or worse tends to predominate, we This paper is based on research carried out on the event of an indigenous middle class. I am grateful to the Australian Research Council which has provided funds for my ongoing research in Malaysia for the last several years. I would to a fault like to acknowledge my debt to Maila Stivens, my co-worker in this study with whom I have discussed many of the ideas in this paper, and who has given me many suggestions based on her research.I would likewise like to thank Pat Young and Lucy Healey for their bibilographical work which proved very useful in putting this article together, and Gaynor Thornell for help with the typing. instead continue to reckon an outpouring of studies of peasants, factory girls, ethnicity, and Islam not unimportant in themselves, but in their distribution far from fully representative of current trends in the Malay community.As for studies of Malaysias other main ethnic groups, lamentably fewer in number, the growth of the middle class is similarly largely ignored. But consider the following. According to one observer In Malaysia, where the non-Malay component of the middle class had continued to grow as a result of economic development since independence, in the 1970s Malay representation in the middle class rose sharply following the introduction of the New Economic Policy.And depending on the interpretation of census data, the size of that substantial and prosperous middle class was as high as 24 per cent of the work force in 1980 (ibid, 31-32).The class grew in significance in the 1980s, so that, using the same calculation, Saravanamuttu estimates that by 1986, 37.2 per cent of workers were in middle class occupations. And doubtless the 1990 census will show continued growth in both the absolute and relative size of the Malaysian middle class.

Allegory of the Cave Essay Example for Free

Allegory of the Cave Essay

The New World Essay Example for Free

The New World EssayThe New World that Columbus discovered was populated with well over 10 trillion Indians, which populated North America from the North to present-day Mexico. The amount of Indian tribes themselves were numerous, and it is still unknown exactly how many Indians and their various tribes populated the areas in which the Europeans arrived. whatsoever groups of subjective Americans were considered to be hunter-gatherers, while most were evidenced to practice aquaculture, and most often, agriculture. However, most often, the Native Americans used a mix of hunting, gathering, and farming. In addition, the Indians culture and the way they organize their lives was very different than that of the Europeans. For example, almost all of the Indian tribes had some form of a chief. Some even had states, impressive architecture, and highly organized cities.As stated above, the most obvious way that the Native American communities were organized was by the crops that they pro duced. Maize and squash were perhaps the easiest to grow. They were also adult throughout America, not just in one small region. Potatoes, cotton, and tobacco were also grown. In the plains area, a large group of native peoples would hunt their unproblematic source of food-buffalo.In addition to the Indians that Columbus encountered, the land was completely unspoiled. The Indians only hunted and used from nature what they absolutely needed, unlike the Europeans. The biggest difference between the Europeans and the Native Americans was that the Europeans simply used up the nature in whatever way they saw fit, while the Native Americans only used, and respected, what they needed.

Transducers used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine.

Transducers employ in the Cardiac echography Machine.Transducers used in the Cardiac sonography Machine.Abstract Ultrasound mental imagery depends on the ability of piezoelectric automobile crystals to generate sound when excited with alternate(a) current and the reverse event of charge accumulation or current flow when such crystals argon subjected to wring from sound waves. The first known sonography imaging machine was intentional by K. T. Dussik in Australia in 1937. However, despite its widespread acceptance today, medical examination echography did not develop as rapidly as X-ray imaging. contempt the relatively slow start, medical ultrasonography imaging is real widely accepted today because there is no ionising radiation involved and hence the surgical operation is relatively safe. Ultrasound equipment is overly cheaper as compared to X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI and other techniques associated with nuclear medicine. The procedure involves mi nimal patient discomfort and is very useful for examining the soft threads or the developing foetus. A dramatic increase in the number of older patients with chronic heart and valve disease has conclusioned in a prolific demand for the echography cardiac imaging machines which can satisfy the requirements associated with fast and cost effective measurement of cardiac anatomy or function. nonpareil of the critical elements in the medical ultrasonography imaging system is the ultrasound transducer without which signal bear on and visualisation of the soft tissue images is impossible. Although many naturally occurring substances such as quartz exhibit the piezoelectric effect, blend zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic ferroelectric satisfyings energise for many years been used for biomedical applications because of their superior characteristics for soft tissue imaging. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), transducer stuff and nonsense has demonstrated advantages as a high oftennes s receiver. Single or multilayer transducers make of these elements can be used for ultrasound imaging as virtuoso transducers operating in A-mode or a 2 or ternion dimensional transducer array for B-mode, C-mode or M-mode ultrasound imaging. This brief essay takes a hold back at transducers for medical ultrasound.The principle of operation of a cardiac ultrasound imaging device is based on the information that is provided by the varying clutch measures of echoes that are reflected from various depths of the human embody tissue as a result of the ultrasound pulses that are generated by an ultrasound transducer universe hazard on the body tissue. Delay times of echoes from different depths are different and ultrasound is reflected from the interface of different types of tissues. A Doppler shift in frequency is overly generated as a result of moving objects and the attenuation of ultrasound waves depends on the type of tissue that the ultrasound wave is travelling through. T he ultrasound transducer which is responsible for the genesis and get holdion of reflected ultrasound is, therefore, an essential component of the ultrasound imaging device. Ultrasound transducers work on the basis of the piezoelectric effect in which an alternate(a) potential applied to piezoelectric crystal material causes the crystals to become electrically polarised as a result of the applied electric field and hence vibrate with the alternating voltage to produce sound. Such crystals also become electrically polarised when stress is applied to them and hence any sound waves which are incident on them result in charge accumulation on the crystal surface and hence the generation of an alternating voltage. Thus, an ultrasound transducer consists of a suitable piezoelectric material sandwiched between electrodes that are used to provide a fluctuating electric field when the transducer is required to generate ultrasound. When the transducer is required to detect ultrasound, the e lectrodes may be used to detect any fluctuating voltages produced as a result of the polarisation of the crystals of the piezoelectric material in response to incident sound which generates fluctuating mechanical stresses on the material. piezoelectric materials include quartz, ferroelectric crystals such as tourmaline and Rochelle salt as well as the group of materials known as the piezoelectric ceramics, which include lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3). These materials are also known as piezoelectric ceramics which are used in ultrasound transducers for biomedical applications.Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is another transducer material which has demonstrated advantages as a high frequency receiver. Piezoelectric ceramics are sold with the brand name PXE by Philips Company and are solid solutions of lead titanate (PbTiO3), and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) which have been circumscribed by additives which are a group of piezoelectric ceramics known as PZT. PXE materia ls are hard, chemically inert and unaffected by a humid environment.The crystals in a ferroelectric material of which PXE is made up of align themselves randomly in a number of directions. With such a random orientation of crystals, the material pull up stakes exhibit no piezoelectric effect. In disposition to have a piezoelectric material which is undefendable of being used for ultrasound transducers, the material has to be subjected to a strong electric field at high temperatures. This has the effect of permanently locking the crystals in the direction of the applied electric field and devising the crystal piezoelectric in the direction of the electric field. Hence, a piezoelectric ceramic material may be converted into a piezoelectric material in any given direction by applying a strong electric field to the material in the given direction at an elevated railroad temperature. This treatment, which is known as poling, is the final stage in the manufacture of a PXE piezoelectr ic. Metal electrodes perpendicular to the poling axis are deposited on the material so that an alternating electric field may be applied to generate ultrasound or ultrasound vibrations may be sensed by sensing the electric field across the piezoelectric material. The voltage across a piezoelectric ceramic PXE material is usually directly proportional to the applied stress. The construction of a simple, single element piezoelectric transducer is as shown below.The Construction of a Single Element Piezoelectric TransducerUltrasound imaging in the A-mode directs a narrow institutionalise of ultrasound into the tissue being scanned and the echo which may be displayed on a CRT screen provides a measure of the distance between reflecting surfaces in the body. In the B-scan mode, the echo signal is brightness modulated which makes it possible for information related to tissue depth to be displayed on the screen in a visually effective manner. An ultrasound transducer array operating in B- mode permits a picture of the tissues within a patients body to be displayed on a CRT device. M-mode ultrasound imaging presents tissue movement by scanning an A or B line on a varan as a function of time and movements in this line indicate movements in the tissues within the body. In C-mode ultrasound imaging a second transducer is used to detect echoes sent out by the first transducer, presenting a 2-D map of the ultrasound attenuation within tissues.Having discussed the principles of operation of a piezoelectric medical ultrasound transducer, it is now appropriate to consider the practical problems associated with the construction of such transducers. This is done below.The instauration of Ultrasound TransducersA transducer which is constructed out of piezoelectric material will have a natural frequency of resonance and it is appropriate that the transducer should be excited with alternating electric field which matches the natural resonant frequency of oscillation of the mate rial. The ultrasound frequencies that are used in medical imaging applications range from 1 MHz to 15 MHz and echocardiography is usually performed at frequencies of 2.5 MHz. Hence, transducers which are used for ultrasound imaging have to be tuned for different frequencies. For a transducer material in which ultrasound waves travel at the speed c, with a resonant frequency f, the ponderousness of the material is related by the formula f=c/2d. Hence, it is possible to tune various transducers constructed of the same material to different frequencies by adjusting the thickness of the material. The ultrasound transducer can be excited by a continuous wave, a pulsed wave, or a single voltage pulse depending on the requirements for observing a continuous image, echo ranging or other tissue measurements. The rear face of the piezoelectric crystal material is usually supported by a mount material which is tungsten loaded araldite, so that the vibrations in the piezoelectric material are rapidly damped after the initial excitation. It is important to couple the piezoelectric transducer to the body of a patient so that the incident ultrasound energy can be effectively transmitted into the body tissue that is being scanned. In order to do this, twin(a) layers of suitable acoustic material are used along with a gel which makes it possible for the ultrasound waves to penetrate the tissue more efficiently. As far as possible, the characteristic acoustic impedance of the tissue being scanned is matched with the acoustic impedance of the transducer. The characteristic acoustic impedance of the tissue is be asIn the formula, c is the speed of ultrasound in human tissue which is about 1540 m/sec with a variation of +/- 6% and is the tissue density. K is the bulk elastic modulus of the tissue being scanned.The acoustic parameters of an ultrasound transducer include its nominal frequency, the peak frequency which is the highest frequency response measured from the frequenc y spectrum, the bandwidth of the transducer which is the difference between the highest and the lowest 6 dB level in the frequency spectrum, the pulse width response time of the transducer, which is the time duration of the time domain envelope which is 20 dB above the rising and decaying cycles of a transducer response, the loop sensitivity for a medium on which a test is performed which is characterised byHere, Vo is the excitation pulse voltage in volts, while Vx is the received signal voltage from the transducer. The signal to noise ratio for a biomedical ultrasound transducer is also an important parameter for an ultrasound transducer and this is defined asIn the above expression, Vx is the received signal voltage from the transducer in volts in response to a qualify tone burst or pulse and Vn is the noise floor in volts. The signal to noise ratio for an ultrasound transducer is a measure of the noise associated with the transducer, beat instrument or cables and this is a go od measure of how sensitive a transducer is. In addition to the previously mentioned parameters, geometrical parameters for a transducer describe how the acoustic pressure generated by a transducer varies across the axial and cross-sectional fields of a transducer. These variations are illustrated belowAxial bare Profile for an Ultrasound TransducerCross sectional Beam Profile for an Ultrasound Transducerhe detailed construction of an ultrasound transducer for medical applications involving the shaping of the piezoelectric material, matching layers, hovictimization and backing materials etc is presently conducted using computational techniques such as Finite Element Modelling of ultrasound transducers through the use of software packages such as Ultrasim and other commercially forthcoming software. In the overall design, efforts have to be made to ensure that the overall design will be optimised so as to deliver a sufficiently high power of ultrasound into the tissue being image d and as far as possible there is best possible sound impedance matching between the transducer and the scanned tissue. Design of the backing material in an ultrasound transducer is important because this design determines the ring down time of the transducer, which is critical for low noise and best axial resolution of the transducer.Trends in Transducer Design for EchocardiographyOnly the simplest equipment for echocardiography will use a single ultrasound transducer and there is a trend towards design of echocardiography equipment which uses two or even three dimensional arrays of ultrasound transducers to provide superior quality 2 D or 3-D computer generated pictures of the organ being imaged. Even the relatively simpler equipment being used these days has two or more ultrasound transducers fitted into the transducer probe. The array of transducers are capable of generating a shaped channelise of ultrasound which can be appropriately focused using electronic digital signal pr ocessing techniques to provide better images and resolution. Although the relatively simple medical ultrasound scanners cost about 1000 per piece, reasonably decent transducer assemblies for a decent Philips or Toshiba ultrasound machines can cost 1500 for the transducer alone. Transducer arrays for two or three dimensional ultrasound imaging equipment can be much more expensive because of the large number of transducers that are employed in such imaging equipment.For better quality ultrasonic imaging to be possible, there is a requirement for enhanced bandwidth transducers, higher(prenominal) frequency transducer arrays and sophisticated digital signal processing circuits. There is also a trend towards transducer miniaturisation which will make intracavitary, intraurethral, or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) investigation possible. The current imaging frequency range of 1 MHz to 15 MHz is expected to be increased to 20 MHz to 100 MHz and at these frequencies, microsonography device s using miniature ultrasound transducers with higher sensitivities are expected to provide much better and higher resolution images using catheter based transducers which are less then 2mm in diameter and are capable of being placed in veins. advanced ultrasound transducer materials are possible to provide transducers which are far more sensitive then those in stock(predicate) presently and consume lower power. These transducers can be operated from battery powered portable equipment and there are indications in literature that with the availability of such devices, it is likely that the stethoscope will be replaced by miniature ultrasound equipment. New trends in ultrasound transducer construction are also moving towards composite transducer construction in which a composite of two piezoelectric materials is used to design the transducer.Ultrasound transducers are fairly rugged and the piezoelectric material does not loose its properties unless undefendable to high temperatures approaching the Curie temperature for the material are reached or there are strong alternating or direct electrical fields argue the direction of poling for the material. Mechanical stresses imposed on the piezoelectric materials should not exceed the specified limits and although the specified limits vary for different types of materials, mechanical stress in prodigality of 2.5 MPa may be considered as likely to cause permanent damage. Ultrasound transducers are capable of being designed to operate in liquid mediums and the piezoelectric material does not react with water or gel.ConclusionMaterials with piezoelectric properties such as lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) lend themselves to being treated by poling to generate as well as detect ultrasound waves when subjected to alternating electric fields or mechanical stresses. Ultrasound transducers can be made out of these materials and these transducers can be designed for specified resonance frequencies for us e in medical imaging. The detailed design of such transducers is an exciting and involving undertaking which is capable of being assisted by finite element simulations. Advances in transducer design involving the use of new materials, miniaturisation and the use of arrays of transducers promises to revolutionise medical imaging in the future by providing high resolution 3-D ultrasound images and the field is full of promise for device designers as well as computer engineers of the future.References/ Bibliography nett SourcesAbboud, Najib N et al. Finite Element Modelling for unhearable Transducers. Weidlinger Associates Inc. SPIE Int. Symp. medical imaginativeness 1998, San Diego, Feb 21-27, 1998. sublime 4, 2005. http//www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Software/Pzflex/Papers/pzflex-spie_mi98.pdfBinder, T. Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Principles and Promises. daybook of Clinical and Basic Cardiology 2002 5 (Issue 2), 149-152. August 4, 2005. http//www.kup.at/kup/pdf/1137.pdfBrand t, Einar. Segmentation Techniques for Echocardiographic Image Sequences. University of Linkopings. 1998. August 4, 2005. http//www.imv.liu.se/klinfys/einar/publications/pdf_open/Ex1934.pdfBridal, Lori S et al. Milestones on the Road to Higher Resolution, Quantitative, and Functional Ultrasonic visualise. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 91, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003. August 6, 2005. http//dei-s1.dei.uminho.pt/outraslic/lebiom/ultra/ultrasonic01232192.pdfDiederichs, Rolf. Ultrasound Transducer Library. Diederichs, Rolf. March, 1998. August 4, 2005. http//www.ndt.net/wshop/wshop_tr/trans_li.htmEberhard, Brunner. Ultrasound System Considerations and their Impact on Front-End Components, Analog Devices, Inc., 2002. August 4, 2005. http//www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/36-03/ultrasound/UltrasoundFrontend.pdfErikson, Kenneth R et al. Ultrasound in Medicine A Review. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SONICS AND ULTRASONICS, VOL. SU-21, NO. 3, JULY 1971. August 4, 2005. http//www.ieee-uffc.org/ ultrasonics/teaching/t7430144.pdfFink, Mathias. Time Reversed Acoustics. Scientific American Inc, 1999. August 4, 2005. http//www4.ncsu.edu/fouque/fink.pdfG. Fleury, R. Berriet, O. Le Baron, B. Huguenin. New piezocomposite transducers for therapeutic ultrasound. 2nd worldwide Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound Seattle 31/07 02/08/02. August 4, 2005. http//www.imasonic.com/Papers/ISTU2Ima.pdfGenadiy V. Leonov,, Vladimir N. Khmelev, Roman V. Barsukov, Sergey N. Tsyganok, Alexey N. Slivin, Andrey V. Shalunov. Advancement of Ultrasonic Technologies Efficiency, Development of Ultrasonic Devices for the Manufactures, medical checkup Institutions and the Agriculture Requirements. Biysk Technological Institute. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.bti.secna.ru/institute_/laboratory/us/downloads/vestnic_e.pdfGoel, Malti. Electret sensors, filters and MEMS devices New challenges in materials research. Current Science. Volume 85. No. 4. August 25, 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.ias.ac.in/cur rsci/aug252003/443.pdfHazas, microphone and Andy Ward. A Novel Broadband Ultrasonic Location System. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2002. August 4, 2005. http//www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/hazas/Hazas02_ANovelBULS.pdfHolm, Sverre. Ultrasim A Toolbox for Ultrasound Field Simulation. University of Oslo. 2000. August 6, 2005. http//heim.ifi.uio.no/sverre/ text file/01_Matlab.pdfKrochak, Paul and Stefan Story. Acoustic Densification of Multiphase Stream. University of British Columbia. June 19, 2005. August 4, 2005. http//www.math.ubc.ca/FluidLab/people/sstorey/Densificatio_Final_Report.pdfLadabaum, Igal et al. Surface Micro machined Capacitive Ultrasonic Transducer. ieee transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, vol. 45, no. 3, may 1998. August 4, 2005. http//piezo.stanford.edu/library/papers/IL1998.pdfLewin, Peter A. diagnostic Ultrasound A Glimpse into the Next Decade. Drexel University. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.wma.net/e/publications/pdf/2000/lew in.pdfM. Greenstein, P. Lum, H. Yoshida, M.S. Seyed-Bolorforosh. A 2.5 MHz 2D Array with Z-Axis Electrically Conductive Backing. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/96/HPL-96-89.pdfMeasurement Specialties Inc. Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual. Measurement Specialties Inc. April 2, 1999. August 4, 2005. http//www.media.mit.edu/resenv/classes/MAS836/Readings/MSI-techman.pdfMichael Greenstein. Multilayer Piezoelectric Transducers for aesculapian Ultrasound Transducers. Hewlett Packard Laboratories. 2000. August 4, 2005. http//www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/95/HPL-95-79.psMorgan Electro Ceramics. Introduction Piezoelectric Ceramics. Morgan Electro Ceramics. May 16, 2001. August 4, 2005. http//www.morganelectroceramics.nl/pdfs/tech.pdfNorth Dakota State University. Imaging Systems. North Dakota State University. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//venus.ece.ndsu.nodak.edu/schroeder/Imaging%20Systems.docNottingham University. Medical Ultrasound. Nottingham University. 2004. Au gust 4, 2005. http//www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/ugrad/courses/mod_home/f31ab1/notes/us.docPetersen R.B. and J. Hutchins. The iE33 intelligent echocardiography system. Philips Ultrasound Medical Systems. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.medical.philips.com/main/news/assets/docs/medicamundi/mm_vol48_no3/11_Peterson.pdfPicture IQ.com. Ultrasound Equipment. Picture IQ.com. 2005. August 6, 2005. http//www.pictureiq.com/piq/ph30-63999-Ultrasound.mspxPowis, Raymond. L and G. Wayne Moore. The Silent Revolution Catching up with the Contemporary Composite Transducer. JDMS 20395405 November/December 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.medphysics.wisc.edu/mp666/powis_moore_contemp_trans.pdfRainer Stotzka, Helmut Widmann, Tim Muller, Klaus Schlote Holubek, Hartmut Gemmeke, Nicole Ruiter, Georg Gobel. Prototype of a new 3D ultrasound computer tomography system transducer design and data recording. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.stotzka.de/Publications/stotzka2004.1.pdfRA TSIMANDRESY, Leong, P.Mauchamp, D. Dinet, N. Felix, R. Dufait. A 3 MHz, Two Dimensional Array Based on Piezocomposite for Medical Imaging. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. 2002. August 4, 2005. http//www.vermon.com/Biblio_Vermon/IEEE_3MHz%202D%20Array.pdfRitter, Timothy et al. Single Crystal PZN/PT-Polymer Composites for Ultrasound Transducer Applications. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, vol. 47, no. 4, July 2000. August 4, 2005. http//www.ieee-uffc.org/archive/public/opapers/jul792.pdfRonald E McKeighen. Design Guidelines for Medical Ultrasonic Arrays. Acoustic Imaging Transducers Inc. 2000. August 4, 2005. http//www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Software/Pzflex/Papers-other/spie-man.pdfSaleh K. Y. and N.B. Smith. Two-dimensional ultrasound phased array design for tissue ablation for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia. Pennsylvania State University. May, 2003. August 4, 2005. http//www.bioe.psu.edu/ultrasound/Research/Saleh%20Smith%20I JH04.pdfSchmidt, M. Ultrasonic Signal Processing Chip For Intraluminal Catheter Based Systems. Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.imec.be/esscirc/papers-96/143.pdfShindler, Daniel M. Hand-held Ultrasound and the Stethoscope. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.bbriefings.com/pdf/950/shindler.pdfUltran. Medical Ultrasonic Transducers. Ultran. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.ultrangroup.com/pdfs/ultran_trans_cat.pdfUniversity of Central London. An Overview of Existing Medical Imaging Techniques. University of Central London. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.medphys.ucl.ac.uk/research/borl/homepages/florian/thesis/pdf_files/p35_44.pdfUniversity of Lancaster. Medical Ultrasound Imaging. University of Lancaster. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/teaching/py336/Ultrasound.docWang, Haifeng, Tim Ritter, Wenwu Cao, and K. Kirk Shung. Passive Materials for High Frequency Ultrasoun d Transducers. The Society of Photo optical Instrumentation Engineers, SPIE. 1999. August 6, 2005. http//www.bioe.psu.edu/labs/NIH/pass_mat.pdfWeigang, Beate, G. Wayne Moore, M.A., crowd Gessert, William H. Phillips, Mark Schafer. The Methods and Effects of Transducer Degradation on Image Quality and the Clinical Efficacy of Diagnostic Sonography. Sonic Technology Laboratories. 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.4sonora.com/products/Transducer%20Degradation%20on%20Image.pdfWells, P.N.T. Ultrasonic Imaging of the Human Body. Bristol General Hospital. 1999. August 4, 2005. http//www.hrcc.on.ca/Research/bios/people/pattersonfiles/Wells%20paper.pdfWhitehouse, Kamin. Fred Jiang, Chris Karlof, Alec Woo, David Culler. Sensor Field Localisation A Deployment and Emperical Analysis. University of California, Berkley. April 9, 2004. August 4, 2005. http//www.cs.berkeley.edu/kamin/pubs/whitehouse04ultrasoundUCBtechReport.pdfReferences Related to Ultrasound Transducers from British Libraries. Medi cal Imaging 1999 Ultrasonic Transducer Engineering 24-25 February 1999, San Diego, California. Bellingham, capital letter SPIE, 1999.. Medical Ultrasound Mirror Transducer Systems for High Resolution Imaging. 1984.American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Medical Physics of CT and Ultrasound Tissue Imaging and Characterization Summer School Papers and Discussions.American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Ultrasound apply Committee Report for Cleaning and Preparing Endocavitary Ultrasound Transducers Between Patients. Laurel, Md. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 1995.American Society of Ultrasound Technical Specialists and Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. Medical Ultrasound. New York Wiley.Barnett, S. B., G. Kossoff, and World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. Safety and Standardisation in Medical Ultrasound Issues and Recommendations Regarding Thermal Mechanisms for biological Effects of Ultrasound Symposium Papers. Pergamon Press , 1992.British Medical Ultrasound Society. BMUS Bulletin. London British Medical Ultrasound Society, 2003.Davies, Christopher Mark. The Construction and Design Characteristics of Bimorph Shear Wave Transducers. 1993.Fleming, David G., et al. Indwelling and Implantable military press Transducers Based on Workshop Held in Cleveland, Ohio on December 4 and 5, 1975, Sponsored by the Biotechnology Resources Branch (RR-00857) and the bailiwick Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-14267) of the National Institutes of Health. Cleveland CRC Press, 1976.Great Britain. Medical Devices Agency. A Comparative Technical Evaluation of Eleven Ultrasound Scanners for Examination of the Breast. Medical Devices Agency, 2001.Kuhn, A., P. A. Payne, and Dias. Design and Construction of Ultrasound Equipment for Characterization of elasticized Mechanic Properties of Dental Restorative Materials. Manchester UMIST, 1991.Luukkala, Mauri. Second Harmonic Generation of Ultrasound in Quartz Transducers. T urku, 1967.Mok, W. H., M. S. Beck, and Dias. Flow Imaging Using Pulsed Ultrasound Transducers. Manchester UMIST, 1986.Nakano, Hitoo, et al. XX International Congress The Fetus As a Patient and 6th Ian Donald Inter-University of Medical Ultrasound. 2004.Nicoll, J. J. and University of Edinburgh. Medical Ultrasound Mirror Transducer Systems for High Resolution Imaging. University of Edinburgh, 1984.Preston, R. C., et al. The Performance of the NPL Ultrasound Beam Calibrator Part 1 Physiotherapy Transducers. Teddington National Physical Laboratory, 1986.Ruttenberg, Robert and Simon Peck. Transducer Development for Medical Dynamic Measurements. 2000.Shung, K. Kirk and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. Medical Imaging 1998 Ultrasonic Transducer Engineering 25-26 February 1998, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Washington SPIE, 1998.Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. JDMS Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. Philadelphia Lippincott for the Society of Diagn ostic Medical Sonographers.Society of Ultrasound in Medicine of the Republic of China. Journal of Medical Ultrasound. Taipei.Turnbull, Daniel H. and University of Toronto Department of Medical Biophysics. Two-Dimensional Transducer Arrays fo

High Performance Working

postgraduate up consummation worksExecutive Summary intensify is always a ch wholeenge as well as an opportunity. Todays piece resource managers face great challenge to accustom with the changing business and piece of work contexts and thus they try to convert their memorial tablets in to elevated cognitive deal Working formations with the chastise combination of heap, process, technology and organizational structure.The exalted surgical procedure Working has late gained emergence attention from the Human imaging managers and organizations. Becoming a superior-pitched get alongance working organization is considered to be a difficult task because all the relevant and necessary fractions must fit with others so that the arranging can function smoothly. The naughty come uponment working transcription is a corrective visor because legion(predicate) other tools and measures of oversight like dear-in-time manufacturing, customizing, total woodland centering and flexible manufacturing technology can be better functioned only when there passel who fit the specific requirements.No process can work out when right the great unwashed argon no there. High act Working system looks not only at technology or process, but it seeks to find talented and qualified people who can meet the specific requirements. Organizations with High exploit Working have been found to be successful as they have experienced increase in productivity and really static long border profitability. This research work identifies IBM as an organization that has effectively used organisational learning as a method to fetch High Performance Working organization.This piece of research work examines the fundamental principles and theories of High Performance working and it analyses how an effective last public presentation working can armed wait on an organization win its goals. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of various elements of High Performance working and it draws an example from IBM which has brought tremendous changes in its business with the help Organizational Learning.IntroductionWhen compared with momentous changes that occurred everywhere the recent years in technology, lifestyles, body of work environment and business contexts, the Human Resource Management looks to have accustomed with the changes and it has evolved major developments by implementing various strategies and methods that help organizations face the challenges and achieve its goals. The changes in the technology and in the business contexts cause changes in the workplace. High Performance Working is thus a impertinent interdisciplinary model of Human Resource Management that comprises of people, technology, and process.Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003) stated that Human Resource Management has been playing its vital role helping organizations gain the competitive advantages oer their competitors by becoming high performance working organization.This re port analyses the features and underlying principles of high performance working and it examines the impacts of high performance working on the levels of heed systems inwardly IBM which has recently achieved high performance working with help of organizational learning. This research work presents an in-depth analysis of high performance working and its advantages to the organization in which it is implemented.High Performance WorkingPfeffer (1994) argued that the success in dynamic and passing competitive market environment depends less on advantages associated with economies of scale, technology, patent, access to capital, but, it depends more on innovation, speed and setability. Pfeffer (1994) argued that innovation, speed and adaptability are derived from the employees within an organization and from the way they are managed. Organizations seek to adapt to the changes by adopting a repress of managerial practices that are called high performance or high involvement human re source system (Guthrie, Flood and Liu, 2009).Dessler and Varkkey (2009) argued that research evidences show that the best-performing companies in a wide range of industries perform well because of their high performance working. High performance working is an integrated set of human resource management practices and tools that unneurotic produce superior employee performance. some(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative researches have proven that high performance working is directly influencing the overall performance of the employees by increasing their productivity. The specific objective of this system is to attain superior employee performance.According to Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003), high performance working is a system in which an organization has best possible fit among their friendly system (people and their interaction) and technical system (equipment and processes). Pfeffer (2001) stated that implementing high performance working requires major up-front invest ments including nurture, more selective recruiting, high(prenominal) wages and so forth.The technology, the structure of the organization, people and processes all work together to gain an advantage in the competitive market. When technology changes and the functional areas of the business like transportation, communication and manufacturing are being changed, the Human Resource Management must ensure that the organization has right and talented people who are able to meet the challenges of changes. While an organization implements and maintain high performance working system, it may have to develop effective training programs, recruiting people for specific skills and encouraging organizational learning and teamwork (Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert, 2003).Several organizational outcomes including higher productivity, increased profitability, lower costs, better responsiveness to customer and greater flexibility are the results of high performance working. Implementing high performan ce working has become a difficult task because it cannot easily be copied from other organizations and there must be good deal of better partnering among executives, line managers, HR professionals, union representatives and employees (Bohlander and Snell, 2009).High performance working is a system of working that promises an increase of around 20 percent in the productivity if staffs are motivated, involved and offered autonomy (Research Forum, 2006). High Performance working generally includes selective hiring, extensive training, pay based on performance, workplace empowerment and sharing of organizational knowledge (Yalabik and Chen, 2008).Features of High Performance working and its specific triggersEven though there no hard rule about what comprises of High Performance Working, most organizations and Human Resource management perceive that following are the common practices of High Performance working.Employment security and selective hiringExtensive training and knowledge sha ringSelf managed teams and modify decision makingReduced status distinction between managers, andTransformational leadership (Dessler and Varkkey, 2009)One of the main triggers of high performance working is the market problems. Fierce contender in the market and organizational disparities among counterparts play vital role in encouraging organizations to implement high performance working. During the early 1980s, when Canon and Xerox went spike on head in the copier markets, Xerox introduced the practice of High Performance working to face the competition and to beat the counterpart (Ashton and Sung, 2002).Introduction of the unfermented technologies remains to be another trigger for the death penalty of high performance working system. OECD researches have shown that foreign ownership has also linked to the use high performance working and its wide acceptability throughout the organizations worldwide and especially in the United States (Ashaton and Sung, 2002). The market flu ctuations, introduction of newer technologies and economic changes are the main triggers of High Performance working.The role of employee responsesThe employees play mediating role in the high performance working system. The literatures show that High Performance Working is linked to a number of employee practices and employee responses (Macky and Boxall, 2007, Boxall and Macky,2009). Employees are often placed as the central to mediating the outcomes that an organization experiences due to high performance working.The High Performance Working is directly influencing the performance of employees as it helps increase their productivity and by developing their interpersonal skills and abilities. Employees are highly motivated in an organization that functions with system of High Performance Working and these employees are provided of greater opportunities to manipulate use of their knowledge, experiences and skills.In an organization that works as High Performance System employee cap ability is being set upper confine of performance, motivation is directly impacting the degree to which this capability is turned in to an action and opportunities are conjured as venue for them to express their skills Macky and Boxall (2007).Basic Elements of High Performance WorkingHuman Resource Management plays meaning(a) role in implementing various elements of High Performance working like organizational structure, design, selection and training of people, reward system and learning organization. As there are pressures for performance in a very dynamic and competitive environment, human resource managers seem to gravitate toward improving the efficiency of existing organizations structure by implementing new strategies that help gain competitive advantages (Ashkenas and Ulrich, 2002).Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003) identified the following elements of High Performance Working.Organizational StructureThe structure of an organization is the way it combines its people in t o useful groups, departments and reporting relationship (Noe and Hollenbeck, 2003). A better designed organizational structure pull up stakes be highly effective to promote the working of various management groups. The top management within an organization decides the total design and levels of managements like how many employees should be there under a particular supervisor.Task DesignTask design is the way the necessary activities of an organization are grouped. Task design makes the tasks to be done efficient and it encourages quality in the operation (Noe and Hollenbeck, 2003).Right PeopleSelecting right people is the very critical aspect of Human Resource Management. People being selected must fit the tasks to be assigned to them. Right people are the very basic and inevitable element of the High Performance System. In designing and developing a high Performance System, the Human Resource Management must put efforts to find qualified and skilled people who provide fit the spe cific requirement of the business.Reward SystemJackson and Hitt (2003) emphasized that reward is the most powerful tool out of all purchasable Human Resource strategies. It is a strategy that not only motivates the employees but ensures increased productivity and employee cooperation as well. Reward system is another important element of High Performance Working, because it serves dual aspects that it directs attention of employees to the most important specific requirements and also it motivates them to put their efforts.Information systemIt is the final element of High Performance Working system by which managers have to take decision regarding what kinds of data to be gathered and from what sources it can be collected. The information system determines the scope of information that who can access the information and how can they retrieve organizational knowledge.An information system of an organization is closely related to knowledge management practice which is the process of enhancing business performance by designing and implementing systems, tools, strategies, process and people so as to create knowledge, share and use it for the further benefits of the organization (Noe, 2002).Conditions that Contribute to High Performance WorkingNoe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert (2003) identified certain factors that contribute to the high performance working in an organization. According to him, Teamwork, Knowledge share, incentives, employee empowerment and reward are the main factors that directly influence the High Performance Working.TeamworkHigh Performance System will work more effectively in an organization where employees are move in team work, cooperation and collaboration. Teamwork is a highly important tool of organizational culture that leads to knowledge share and it thus brings better performance. The teamwork refers to the ability of staffs to work together and their expertise in cooperation by assessing team skills with trust and good communication betwe en them (Austin and Claassen, 2008).Knowledge ShareKnowledge share and knowledge slow between workers helps an organization perform well. An organization in which knowledge is freely transferred between its employees can make better ways to achieve success through the implementation of High Performance Working. According to Rothwell and Sterns (2008), employees can be encouraged by team learning by fostering interaction among older and younger workers. This will enable each employee learn from his or her counterparts and therefore it helps foster knowledge share among the workers.Outcomes of High Performance WorkingHigh Performance Working results higher productivity and increased efficiency and these in turn contribute to higher profits (Noe, Hollenbeck and Gerhert, 2003). An organization with the help of High Performance Working can achieve high product quality, better customer service and customer satisfaction, lower rate of employee turnover and increased employee involvement an d cooperation (Luthans, 2005).Gephart and Buren (2002) hold the view that all the companies with high performance may not pursue the same business strategies. Some business may go for low cost or customer services, maculation others rely on innovation, speed and so forth. A company with High Performance Strategy may give greater emphasis on highly skilled and knowledgeable or experienced employees, customer satisfaction and reliable products and services.A survey conducted in 1993 by Center for Effective Organization has proved that companies that used employee involvement and High Performance Working had substantially higher levels of financial success than those companies that didnt use same strategies. Companies that increasingly used High Performance Working excelled at return on sales return assets and return on investments as well (Gephart and Buren, 2002).According to survey conducted by Sloan Foundation, companies with high performance working in the steel industry have bee n found that those companies had 7 % higher productivity, 13 % increased product quality and better service quality than those companies with less High Performance Working system (Gephart and Buren, 2002). It is obvious that High Performance Working helps organizations increase the employee productivity, motivate employees, achieve high product and service quality and gain customer satisfaction and so on.Workplace Learning for High Performance WorkingAshton and Sung (2002) argued that the use of workplace as a learning experience has been transformed over recent years. There are three main reasons for this. First is the growth of Knowledge economy, second is the impact of new economy and information and communication technology and the third is the increased use of High Performance Working system. Organizational learning has become a significant part of High Performance Working system.As stated earlier, one of the important elements of High Performance Working is Information system. It is not only the system of how information is stored or made use of it, but, it denotes the comprehensive practices involved in making the workplace a learning atmosphere as well. It can be well connected with knowledge management practices.The spread of High Performance Working has created more opportunities within employees to learn and develop themselves, to improve their skills and not just as in the professional or craft occupations (Ashton and Sung, 2002).The nerve of IBM An organizational Learning exampleIBM Corporation is a multinational computer technology potful that has succeeded in its business pathway through a number of marketing and Human Resource strategies. IBM remains to be an illuminating example for making its workplace a knowledge creating environment and learning experience. Being an organizational learning example, IBM has implemented a strategy for High Performance Working that makes people, process and technology more adjusted to the changing environmen t.The organizational learning of IBM is basically a customer-driven strategy which has been considered to be effective as it can enable the company adapt to the environmental, cultural and other changes. From the words of Ted Hoff, the vice president of the organizational learning system, IBM has a very special heritage and commitment to learning. This culture is ingrained in all the senior executives. The IBM senior management expects always conducting learning and they are going to develop employees by developing new ideas (Sosbe, 2003).When IBM was under the direction of Vincent Learson, he started conducting serious conversation with senior level management in order to find most effective strategies. Based on situation analysis and incoming market anticipation, a newly appointed committee suggested IBM to implement an organizational learning process by maintaining 360 new line computers only for the use of management and employees. It was the strategic beginning of organization al learning at IBM and it still goes on as strategic movements to achieve high performance working in the organization (Lipshitz, Popper and Friedman, 2006).IBMs organizational learning can be viewed as a strategic approach for becoming a High Performance Working organization. As discussed by Ashton and Sung (2002), organizational learning is a step forward to become High Performance Working system in an organization. Organizational learning and its strategies enhance employee learning through various methods and tools like knowledge share, retaining older employees for knowledge transfer etc and these in turn motivate employees to learn and develop their skills. Finding right people for the fit for specific requirements is the very crucial stage in High Performance Working. But, organizational learning is an easy way to find and make use of right people for the right need. Instead of searching people from outside, organizational learning and knowledge management helps organizations get right people from within the employees.IBM has become one of the renowned computer technology corporations with a very strong market share. IBM has achieved its success through various strategies including organizational learning that helped IBM become High performance working organization.Conclusion and RecommendationsThis research work presents the theories and practices of High Performance Working and it analyses various elements of the system. This paper outlines the outcomes of High Performance Working and the case of IBM has been included to describe how organizational learning has been effectively used by IBM so as to make it a High Performance Working organization.It is very obvious that companies with High Performance Working are found more productive, highly successful in customer satisfaction, improved product and service qualities and so forth than those companies that didnt use High Performance working. Organizations that seek further development in its core compet encies and total output must turn their attention towards this growing trend of High Performance working system.

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English Literature Essay

Examining The Friendship Of A Single Soul English lit EssayTo the query, what is a friend? Aristotles response was a single soul dwelling in deuce bodies. These friends are the ones who most likely k presently us better than we know ourselves, and whose names are forever branded on our heart (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Consider for a mo custodyt, which of these people are in your living your familiarity with them didnt happen in the blink of an eye. Over time we gradually begin to let these people see who we really are, and our friendship begins to grow into something memorable. Friends are what behave enriched my life. Oh, I have loved my family, but its not the same. Friends have brought me more of the world theyve added spice and variety (Apter Josselson, 1998). We are born into our family, but one frightful thing about our life is that we have the ability to favour our friends. There are some common characteristics that span across all types of friendships rules shape the fr iendship, give the sack last a lifetime and typically consist of people in the same age range (Floyd, 2009). How are cross-sex friendships similar to same-sex friendships? How are they different? victimization major motion pictures that depict this remarkable bond between friends, we realize the qualities these friendships possess that make them similar and yet how different they really are.SimilaritiesNotice that when Aristotle was asked, what is a friend? he didnt respond a single soul dwelling in two female bodies, or two male bodies, or horizontal a male and a female body, its a single soul in two bodies. Friendship has no limits there is no rule that says we shag or cannot have friends of the same or opposite sex. Regardless of how many friends we have, same-sex or cross-sex, they all share the same purpose. Each and e very alliance provides value during difficult times, outlets for expression of fear, feelings and fantasies, companionship, acceptance, and greater self-kno wledge (Monsour, 2002).In the movie The sistership of the Traveling Pants, Brid charter, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen define friendship as it occurs between girls/women. We were there for the things we couldnt face alone, or the ones we didnt emergency to face at all. Together, it was as if we formed one single, complete person (Ephron Brashares, 2005). Despite the obstacles that the girls face, their love and support for each other keeps their friendship strong.We know now that no matter how far we traveled on our own separate paths, somehow wewould always find our way back to each other and with that, we could get through anything. To us, who we were, who we are, and who well be. To the sisterhood, this moment, and the rest of our lives unneurotic and apart (Ephron Brashares, 2005).Although the girls have their own obstacles to deal with, they overcome them individually because of the unique bond that is their friendship.Likewise, the movie 8 Seconds tells the flimsy true story o f serviceman Champion Bull Rider Lane Frost. The film not only documents Lanes rise to fame, but as well as displays Lanes friendship with helpmate bull riders, tufa Hedeman and Cody Lambert. Some people believe that men are incapable of having intimate friendships like women with other men (Derlega, 1992). Floyd (2009) states that equal levels of closeness are apparent in same-sex friendships regardless of sex. While doing an interview with George Michael, Lane says this about friend and fellow rider, Tuff Hedeman me and my traveling partner Tuff Hedeman have been handicraft places all year. Sometimes hes in first, next week Im in first. If he wins, Ill be so happy for him, Ill forget about myself losing (Merrick, 1994). Lane, Tuff, and Cody arent upright traveling buddies they support each other no matter what, despite the fact that they contend against each other. subsequentlywards Lanes tragic death in 1989, Tuff realized how much Lane believed in him, and how amazing t he friendship truly was. Back in the spring, Lane said, this is your year. that Id win the championship now its only a week away and I really think that I got a chance. I never had anybody believe that much in me (Merrick, 1994). Tuff Hedeman won the World Championship that year, just as Lane had predicted, and Tuff rode an extra eight seconds in memory of Lane.Harry Burns and Sally Albright are two iconic best friends. Harry The first time we met, we hated each other the third time we met, we became friends. Sally We were friends for a unyielding time (Ephron N. , 1989). Can men and women be friends, without sex getting in the way? This question was presented in the 1989 movie, When Harry Met Sally. Despite the fact that Harry and Sally end up together at the conclusion of the film, the friendship they have is more than that of any ordinary couple involved in a sexual relationship. Making a cross-gender relationship work does not solely depend on recognizing our differences. Its a matter of appreciating those differences as well (Parrott Parrott, 1998). Harry and Sally have a friendship very similar to what two women or two men might have they are each others confidantes, support systems, and are committed to making their friendship work.After mattering at three different films depicting friendships, the similarities between same-sex (female), same-sex (male), and cross-sex friendships become apparent. The social support given by same-sex friends can also be observed in cross-sex friendships (Monsour, 2002). Samuel Taylor Coleridge said, friendship is a sheltering tree, regardless of sex, it is obvious that all of these friendships are exactly that a sheltering tree for everyone involved in the friendship.DifferencesWe cant just look at the similarities between friendships, because lets face it, men and women are very different. The basic rules of friendship are similar, but the way we go about accomplishing them isnt always the same. Migliaccio (2009) says that a mans friendship is more than simply a product of being a man the form of intimacy men experience is called closeness in the doing, also known as shared activity. women and men value different aspects of their respective friendships, women place greater emphasis on conversational and stimulated expressiveness, whereas mens friendships focus on shared activities and interests (Floyd, 2009). A stereotypical girls night might consist of dinner, some drinks, and conversations about friends, love, life, and the future. On the other hand, a guys night could be a naughty of poker or a night at the gym playing a pick-up game of basketball.Within female friendship we satisfy our psychological aridity to explore different thoughts and feelings they build one anothers confidence or tear it down (Apter Josselson, 1998). Despite having to spend the summer away from each other, the girls in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants keep their friendship strong by writing earns to ea ch other as if they were still together. In a letter that Lena writes Carmen, she expresses how afraid she actually is to reconcile in love.Hes right, Car. I am afraid. Theres a part of me that wants to let him in but then I feelmyself present this wall up and I dont understand why. Maybe thats what strikes me most about Kostas that despite everything hes suffered he can still look at life in the most uncomplicated way. Ive never known that kind of faith. It makes me so sad that people like Kostas and Bridget who have lost everything can still be wanton to lovewhile I, who have lost nothing, am not. (Ephron Brashares, 2005)Bridget, Tibby, Lena, and Carmen are able to express their emotions, fears, and feelings through a letter and a pair of secondhand jeans. Wear them, theyll make you suffer (Ephron Brashares, 2005). The psychological hunger to examine ones ambitions, and emotions is satisfied by female friendships, there is no need to fulfill femininity such(prenominal) as m en perform masculinity in their friendships. A womans friendship inevitably shapes and changes who the woman is (Apter Josselson, 1998).Unlike women, men stereotypically dont share all the intimate details that go on in their lives. As stated earlier, men generally emphasize the activities and interests they share with their friends. Lane Frost, Tuff Hedeman, and Cody Lambert, obviously have a friendship consisting of shared activity. First of all, they compete together in bull riding competitions and when they arent, they spend their nights out at the bars shooting a game of pool. Although the guys still support each other, the emotional connection that typically is apparent with women is sometimes nonexistent. After a bull steps on Lanes groin, Tuff tells Lane he needs to cowboy up, Ive got two words for you Lane, Cowboy Up (Merrick, 1994). The idea that masculinity is a major part in friendships between two or more men is translucent in 8 Seconds. The interaction between male f riends is not simply because we are men, but a part of performing masculinity in bon ton (Migliaccio, 2009). Lane, Tuff, and Cody, perform masculinity by expressing boldness, strength, and resiliency. Its guts and love and glory, one mortals chance at fame. His legacy is rodeo, and cowboy is his name (Merrick, 1994).When Harry met Sally, a life long friendship began. The obvious difference in their friendship was the exact thing Sally denied sex, and eventually love. At the end of the film, Harry races to meet Sally in order of magnitude to tell her exactly how he feelsI love that you get cold when its 71 degrees out. I love that it takes you an hour and a half toorder a sandwich. I love that you get a little crinkle above your nose when youre looking at me like Im nuts. I love that after I spend the day with you, I can still smell your perfume on my clothes. And I love that you are the last person I want to talk to before I go to sleep at night (Ephron N. , 1989).One substantial difference between same-sex friends and cross-sex friends is the possibility for two cross-sex friends to fall in love. Another is that cross-sex friends are able to encourage the opposite sex friend to engage in opportunities that are usually associated with the opposed gender such as men engaging in emotional expressions and women participating in shared activity (Floyd, 2009).ConclusionQuoting Frederick Buechner, Friends are people you make part of your life just because you feel like it. Basically your friends are not your friends for any particular reason. They are your friends for no particular reason. No one has the power to choose our friends except us, therefore it doesnt matter what sex our friends are. After viewing three movies where different types of friendships are exhibited, the similarities and differences between each type of friendship is very decided. These distinct qualities that make our friendships alike or not, have the power to change the roles of our frien ds. Who are your best friends? Does it matter what their sex is?

Implications of Migration for Pro-poor Agricultural Growth :: essays research papers

differences etc. all of which influence migration patterns and remittance utilisation. Methods musttherefore be broadened to include more(prenominal) than qualitative techniques and case studies. 2. Integrate migration and commuting into PRSPs, CASs, National Plans At present most key policy documents related to rural development, agriculture and povertyreduction pay runty or no care to migration. These should be reviewed where possible to integrate migration and commuting concerns. There needs to be a greater recognition of thecontribution of current and future(a) mobility to development and poverty reduction. 3. Identify the conditions which stimulate the productive use of remittances Examples of productive investment of remittances should be studied to understand where and how this has occurred by giving special attention to &8226 Labour availability and household labour alposition decisions, how gender roles and cultural factors influences these decisions and the impacts of labour depletion on the household and local economy&8226 The skills base of migrants and how/if this has changed through migration and whatcontribution that has make to developing/enhancing agriculture or enterprise in the source village&8226 Existing constraints faced by the poor in key agricultural markets such as credit and labour and how remittances are used in situations of persistent debt created byinterlocked markets &8211 do remittances help the poor in escaping from thesearrangements?&8226 Availability of key natural resources &8211 wet and land are probably the mostimportant. Are remittances invested in buying more land and is this used for production soon, later or never? Does the availability of pissing affect this pattern?The information from such studies can be used to identify appropriate complementary interventions The obvious ones are education and health &8211 i.e. more educated and healthier farmers are morelikely to spend on better farm inputs and technologies etc. 4. Identify locations/situations where it would make more sense to facilitate the movement of throng This would need to be decided on a case by case basis, say at the district level in order toaccommodate location specific historical, agro-ecological factors as well rates of urbanisation and agricultural development. The Chinese example is informative because mobility is being encouraged to reduce rural poverty and concord the rural economy.5. Design transport services to suit poor migrants and commuters A number of research projects on transport conducted under by ITDG and through the DFID intimacy and Research (KaR) projects have noted transport constraints, and their impact on rurallivelihoods and service provision are of a high priority for the rural poor.